Healthy People program

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Healthy People is a program of a nationwide health-promotion and disease-prevention goals set by the United States Department of Health and Human Services. The goals were first set in 1979 "in response to an emerging consensus among scientists and health authorities that national health priorities should emphasize disease prevention". The Healthy People program was originally issued by the Department of Health, Education and Welfare. This first issue contained "a report announcing goals for a ten-year plan to reduce controllable health risks. In its section on nutrition, the report recommended diets with fewer calories; less saturated fat, cholesterol, salt, and sugar; relatively more complex carbohydrates, fish and poultry; and less red meat." Though this recommended diet consisted of more processed foods rather than fresh produce, the report advised for consumers to "be wary of processed foods". [1] The goals were subsequently updated for Healthy People 2000, Healthy People 2010, Healthy People 2020 and Healthy People 2030. [2]

Contents

Science based goals and objectives are reviewed, used and updated by the federal government, states, communities as well as other private institutions to combat and prevent health issues. Using the data collected, broad objectives are created in order to manage the direction of the population's health. [3] These objectives have been used at a national level in industries such as housing and transportation, as well as at a state level as seen Iowa. [3] The Iowa Department of Public Health utilized Healthy People 2020 to develop the Healthy Iowans state health plan. [3] Progress towards objectives is updated regularly and can be seen on their website, where data has shown that between 2010 and 2014, 14 of the 26 indicators have met their targets as part of the Healthy People 2020 plan. [4]

Healthy People 2010, started in January 2000 by the United States Department of Health and Human Services, was a set of nationwide health-promotion and disease-prevention goals to be achieved by the year 2010. [5] Programs such as HealthCorps grew out of this plan. [6]

Healthy People 2010

Healthy People 2010 "was developed through a broad consultation process, built on the best scientific knowledge and designed to measure programs over time". [2] It is composed of 467 specific objectives organized into 28 focus areas, as well as two overarching goals. [5] The two goals are: [7]

To track the Healthy People 2010 objectives, national data are being gathered from 190 sources. [8] Ten "Leading Health Indicators" reflect major health concerns: [9]

The campaign identifies 6 major factors (Social Identities) that contribute to disparities in the health of Americans: [10]

Healthy People 2010 and Healthy People 2020

Healthy People 2010 expanded and updated the 1979 "Healthy People" and 1990 "Healthy People 2000" efforts; [2] for example, the Healthy People 2000 goal of "reducing health disparities" was strengthened in Healthy People 2010 to "eliminate health disparities". [11]

Healthy People 2020 expanded on Healthy People 2010 and was presented on 2 December 2010. [12]

Healthy People 2020's program has 4 overarching goals, [13]

As part of the new Healthy People 2020 approach, 12 topic areas were selected as leading health indicators (LHI's), which address determinants of health affecting quality of life, behaviors and healthy age development [14]

Healthy People 2030

Developed by the HHS Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Healthy People 2030 is the fifth iteration of the 1979 Surgeon General's initiative. [15] The program launched in April 2020, and increases the focus on health equity, social determinants of health, and health literacy as well as adding a new focus on well-being. [16]

The plan consists of three types of objectives; core, developmental and research. Core objectives are defined as high-priority objectives with an identified data source. [17] Developmental objectives are defined as issues that are high-priority, however lack credible or reliable baseline data to provide support. [18] Research objectives are defined as areas that present health or economic burdens, however research is needed to identify interventions based on evidence to improve health. [19] The total number of objectives were reduced from over 1000 objectives in Healthy People 2020 to only around 360 objectives in Healthy People 2030 so that health practitioners and public health professionals can effectively address social determinants of health within the community.

Differences in objectives between Healthy People 2030 and Healthy People 2020 include a reduction in number of measurable objectives from the previous decade, increases in data sets, inclusion of e-cigarettes, and providing resources in order to adapt to emerging health crisis such as COVID-19. [20] Furthermore, Healthy People 2030 includes 8 overall health and well-being measures (OHMs): [21]

Well Being:

Health Life Expectancy:

Mortality and Health:

The focus of the Healthy People 2030 program is on upstream factors, or similar behaviors amongst populations that both effect people's health and their environments. [22] For the first time in the Healthy people program history, Healthy People 2030 includes four objectives regarding adverse childhood experiences, or ACEs, such as poverty and abuse. [23] These four objectives aim to reduce the number of young adults reporting 3 or more ACE's, increase proportion of children with symptoms of trauma who get treatment, increase the proportion of children who show resilience to challenges and stress and increase the number of early childcare educational settings that are informed regarding childhood traumas. [24]

Healthy People 2030 also focuses on elderly populations. The Healthy People 2030's core objectives includes improving the health and quality of life for people with Alzheimer's disease and dementia. [25]

Related Research Articles

In common usage and medicine, health, according to the World Health Organization, is "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity". A variety of definitions have been used for different purposes over time. Health can be promoted by encouraging healthful activities, such as regular physical exercise and adequate sleep, and by reducing or avoiding unhealthful activities or situations, such as smoking or excessive stress. Some factors affecting health are due to individual choices, such as whether to engage in a high-risk behavior, while others are due to structural causes, such as whether the society is arranged in a way that makes it easier or harder for people to get necessary healthcare services. Still, other factors are beyond both individual and group choices, such as genetic disorders.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Preventive healthcare</span> Prevent and minimize the occurrence of diseases

Preventive healthcare, or prophylaxis, is the application of healthcare measures to prevent diseases. Disease and disability are affected by environmental factors, genetic predisposition, disease agents, and lifestyle choices, and are dynamic processes that begin before individuals realize they are affected. Disease prevention relies on anticipatory actions that can be categorized as primal, primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Population health</span> Health outcomes of a group of individuals

Population health has been defined as "the health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group". It is an approach to health that aims to improve the health of an entire human population. It has been described as consisting of three components. These are "health outcomes, patterns of health determinants, and policies and interventions".

The social determinants of health (SDOH) are the economic and social conditions that influence individual and group differences in health status. They are the health promoting factors found in one's living and working conditions, rather than individual risk factors that influence the risk for a disease, or vulnerability to disease or injury. The distributions of social determinants are often shaped by public policies that reflect prevailing political ideologies of the area.

Workplace wellness, also known as corporate wellbeing outside the United States, is a broad term used to describe activities, programs, and/or organizational policies designed to support healthy behavior in the workplace. This often involves health education, medical screenings, weight management programs, and onsite fitness programs or facilities. Recent developments in wearable health technology have led to a rise in self-tracking devices as workplace wellness. Other common examples of workplace wellness organizational policies include allowing flex-time for exercise, providing onsite kitchen and eating areas, offering healthy food options in vending machines, holding "walk and talk" meetings, and offering financial and other incentives for participation. Over time, workplace wellness has expanded from single health promotion interventions to describe a larger project intended to create a healthier working environment.

Australia is a high income country, and this is reflected in the good status of health of the population overall. In 2011, Australia ranked 2nd on the United Nations Development Programme's Human Development Index, indicating the level of development of a country. Despite the overall good status of health, the disparities occurring in the Australian healthcare system are a problem. The poor and those living in remote areas as well as indigenous people are, in general, less healthy than others in the population, and programs have been implemented to decrease this gap. These include increased outreach to the indigenous communities and government subsidies to provide services for people in remote or rural areas.

Health care services in Nepal are provided by both public and private sectors and are generally regarded as failing to meet international standards. Prevalence of disease is significantly higher in Nepal than in other South Asian countries, especially in rural areas. Moreover, the country's topographical and sociological diversity results in periodic epidemics of infectious diseases, epizootics and natural hazards such as floods, forest fires, landslides, and earthquakes. But, recent surge in Non communicable diseases has emerged as the main public health concern and this accounts for more than two-thirds of total mortality in country. A large section of the population, particularly those living in rural poverty, are at risk of infection and mortality by communicable diseases, malnutrition and other health-related events. Nevertheless, some improvements in health care can be witnessed; most notably, there has been significant improvement in the field of maternal health. These improvements include:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Health in Singapore</span>

Singapore is one of the wealthiest countries in the world, with a gross domestic product (GDP) per capita of more than $57,000. Life expectancy at birth is 82.3 and infant mortality is 2.7 per 1000 live births. The population is ageing and by 2030, 20% will be over 65. However it is estimated that about 85% of those over 65 are healthy and reasonably active. Singapore has a universal health care system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Health in Finland</span> Overview of health in Finland

The major causes of deaths in Finland are cardiovascular diseases, malignant tumors, dementia and Alzheimer's disease, respiratory diseases, alcohol related diseases and accidental poisoning by alcohol. In 2010 the leading causes of death among men aged 15 to 64 were alcohol related deaths, ischaemic heart disease, accident, suicides, lung cancer and cerbrovascular diseases. Among women the leading causes were breast cancer, alcohol related deaths, accidents, suicides, ischaemic heart disease and lung cancer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">California Department of Public Health</span> Public health department

The California Department of Public Health (CDPH) is the state department responsible for public health in California. It is a subdivision of the California Health and Human Services Agency. It enforces some of the laws in the California Health and Safety Codes, notably the licensing of some types of healthcare facilities. One of its functions is to oversee vital records operations throughout the state.

Health in All Policies (HiAP) was a term first used in Europe during the Finnish presidency of the European Union (EU), in 2006, with the aim of collaborating across sectors to achieve common goals. It is a strategy to include health considerations in policy making across different sectors that influence health, such as transportation, agriculture, land use, housing, public safety, and education. It reaffirms public health's essential role in addressing policy and structural factors affecting health, as articulated by the Ten Essential Public Health Services, and it has been promoted as an opportunity for the public health sector to engage a broader array of partners.

Health indicators are quantifiable characteristics of a population which researchers use as supporting evidence for describing the health of a population. Typically, researchers will use a survey methodology to gather information about a population sample, use statistics in an attempt to generalize the information collected to the entire population, and then use the statistical analysis to make a statement about the health of the population. Health indicators are often used by governments to guide health care policy or to make goals for improving population health.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chicago Department of Public Health</span>

The Chicago Department of Public Health (CDPH) is a government department of the City of Chicago. The purpose of the Chicago Department of Public Health (CDPH) is too create a thriving and healthy community within the city of Chicago, Illinois by providing guidance, services and strategies. This includes promoting values of diversity, excellence, informed decision making, and teamwork within all residents and smaller communities within the city.

Societal racism is a type of racism based on a set of institutional, historical, cultural and interpersonal practices within a society that places one or more social or ethnic groups in a better position to succeed and disadvantages other groups so that disparities develop between the groups. Societal racism has also been called structural racism, because, according to Carl E. James, society is structured in a way that excludes substantial numbers of people from minority backgrounds from taking part in social institutions. Societal racism is sometimes referred to as systemic racism as well.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sustainable Development Goal 6</span> Global goal to achieve clean water and sanitation for all people by 2030

Sustainable Development Goal 6 is about "clean water and sanitation for all". It is one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015. According to the United Nations, the goal is to: "Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all." The goal has eight targets to be achieved by 2030. Progress toward the targets will be measured by using eleven indicators.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sustainable Development Goal 16</span> United Nations sustainable development goal

Sustainable Development Goal 16 is one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations in 2015, the official wording is: "Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels". The Goal has 12 targets and 23 indicators.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dementia and Alzheimer's disease in Australia</span> Major health issue in Australia

Dementia and Alzheimer's disease in Australia is a major health issue. Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia in Australia. Dementia is an ever-increasing challenge as the population ages and life expectancy increases. As a consequence, there is an expected increase in the number of people with dementia, posing countless challenges to carers and the health and aged care systems. In 2018, an estimated 376,000 people had dementia; this number is expected to increase to 550,000 by 2030 and triple to 900,000 by 2050. The dementia death rate is increasing, resulting in the shift from fourth to second leading cause of death from 2006 to 2015. It is expected to become the leading cause of death over the next number of years. In 2011, it was the fourth leading cause of disease burden and third leading cause of disability burden. This is expected to remain the same until at least 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sustainable Development Goal 4</span> 4th of 17 Sustainable Development Goals to achieve quality education for all

Sustainable Development Goal 4 is about quality education and is among the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations in September 2015. The full title of SDG 4 is "Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sustainable Development Goal 3</span> Good Health and Well-Being

Sustainable Development Goal 3, regarding "Good Health and Well-being", is one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations in 2015. The official wording is: "To ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages." The targets of SDG 3 focus on various aspects of healthy life and healthy lifestyle. Progress towards the targets is measured using twenty-one indicators.

References

  1. ↑ Nestle, Marion (1993). "Food Lobbies, the Food Pyramid, and U.S. Nutrition Policy" (PDF). International Journal of Health Services. 23 (3): 483–95. doi:10.2190/32F2-2PFB-MEG7-8HPU. PMID   8375951. S2CID   7546556 . Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. What is Healthy People? Archived 2009-01-17 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2009 Jan 18.
  3. 1 2 3 Haskins, Julia (2017-08-01). "Healthy People 2030 to create objectives for health of nation: Process underway for next 10-year plan". The Nation's Health. 47 (6): 1–14. ISSN   0028-0496.
  4. ↑ "Healthy People 2020 Leading Health Indicators: Progress Update". www.healthypeople.gov. Retrieved 2021-07-20.
  5. 1 2 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. About Healthy People 2010. Accessed 2009 Jan 18.
  6. ↑ The Saturday Evening Post, November/December 2007
  7. ↑ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. What are its goals? Archived 2009-01-17 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2009 Jan 18.
  8. ↑ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Data overview. Archived 2010-12-01 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2009 Jan 18.
  9. ↑ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. What are the Leading Health Indicators? Archived 2010-12-18 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2009 Jan 18.
  10. ↑ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. A systematic approach to health improvement. Archived 2010-12-19 at the Wayback Machine In: Healthy People 2010. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000 November. Accessed 2009 Jan 18.
  11. ↑ National Center for Health Statistics. Healthy People 2000 final review. Hyattsville, MD: Public Health Service, 2001. Accessed 2009 Jan 18.
  12. ↑ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Accessed 2011 Sept 16.
  13. ↑ Bolduc, Benjamin; Hodgkins, Suzanne B.; Varner, Ruth K.; Crill, Patrick M.; McCalley, Carmody K.; Chanton, Jeffrey P.; Tyson, Gene W.; Riley, William J.; Palace, Michael; Duhaime, Melissa B.; Hough, Moira A.; Saleska, Scott R.; Sullivan, Matthew B.; Rich, Virginia I. (13 August 2020). "Supplemental Information 3: An excerpt from Data Downloads page, where users can download original datasets". PeerJ. 8: e9467. doi: 10.7717/peerj.9467/supp-3 .
  14. ↑ Bolduc, Benjamin; Hodgkins, Suzanne B.; Varner, Ruth K.; Crill, Patrick M.; McCalley, Carmody K.; Chanton, Jeffrey P.; Tyson, Gene W.; Riley, William J.; Palace, Michael; Duhaime, Melissa B.; Hough, Moira A.; Saleska, Scott R.; Sullivan, Matthew B.; Rich, Virginia I. (13 August 2020). "Supplemental Information 3: An excerpt from Data Downloads page, where users can download original datasets". PeerJ. 8: e9467. doi: 10.7717/peerj.9467/supp-3 .
  15. ↑ "Healthy People 2030 Framework – Healthy People 2030 | health.gov". health.gov. Retrieved 2021-07-20.
  16. ↑ "History of Healthy People | health.gov". health.gov. Retrieved 2021-07-20.
  17. ↑ "Healthy People – HP2020 – Topic Areas". www.cdc.gov. 2020-08-19. Retrieved 2021-07-20.
  18. ↑ "Healthy People – HP2020 – Topic Areas". www.cdc.gov. 2020-08-19. Retrieved 2021-07-20.
  19. ↑ "Healthy People – HP2020 – Topic Areas". www.cdc.gov. 2020-08-19. Retrieved 2021-07-20.
  20. ↑ "Healthy People 2030 Questions & Answers | health.gov". health.gov. Retrieved 2021-07-20.
  21. ↑ "Overall Health and Well-Being Measures – Healthy People 2030 | health.gov". health.gov. Retrieved 2021-07-20.
  22. ↑ December 16, 2020 (16 December 2020). "Just Released: Healthy People 2030's Leading Health Indicators and Overall Health and Well-Being Measures". HIV.gov. Retrieved 2021-07-20.
  23. ↑ Amanda Merck (2021-06-28). "Healthy People 2030 Adds 4 Objectives on Childhood Trauma, Up From 0". Salud America. Retrieved 2021-07-20.
  24. ↑ Amanda Merck (2021-06-28). "Healthy People 2030 Adds 4 Objectives on Childhood Trauma, Up From 0". Salud America. Retrieved 2021-07-20.
  25. ↑ "Healthy People 2030 Report from CDC Includes Objectives on Dementia, Alzheimer's | Massachusetts Healthy Aging Collaborative". mahealthyagingcollaborative.org. Retrieved 2021-07-20.
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