The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) is an independent agency of the US government created in 1974 that regulates the U.S. derivatives markets,which includes futures,swaps,and certain kinds of options.
The Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000 (CFMA) is United States federal legislation that ensured financial products known as over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives remained unregulated. It was signed into law on December 21,2000 by President Bill Clinton. It clarified the law so most OTC derivative transactions between "sophisticated parties" would not be regulated as "futures" under the Commodity Exchange Act of 1936 (CEA) or as "securities" under the federal securities laws. Instead,the major dealers of those products would continue to have their dealings in OTC derivatives supervised by their federal regulators under general "safety and soundness" standards. The Commodity Futures Trading Commission's (CFTC) desire to have "functional regulation" of the market was also rejected. Instead,the CFTC would continue to do "entity-based supervision of OTC derivatives dealers". The CFMA's treatment of OTC derivatives such as credit default swaps has become controversial,as those derivatives played a major role in the financial crisis of 2008 and the subsequent 2008–2012 global recession.
Leo Melamed is an American attorney,finance executive,and a pioneer of financial futures. He is the chairman emeritus of CME Group.
Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor,478 U.S. 833 (1986),was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held an administrative agency may,in some cases,exert jurisdiction over state-law counterclaims.
Gary S. Gensler is an American government official and former Goldman Sachs investment banker serving as the chair of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Gensler previously led the Biden–Harris transition's Federal Reserve,Banking,and Securities Regulators agency review team. Prior to his appointment,he was professor of Practice of Global Economics and Management at the MIT Sloan School of Management.
Nancy Erickson is an American political aide who served as the 32nd Secretary of the United States Senate from 2007 to 2015. She began her term as Secretary on January 4,2007,in the 110th Congress. Erickson was appointed by Democratic and Majority Leader Harry Reid of Nevada.
Brooksley Elizabeth Born is an American attorney and former public official who,from August 26,1996,to June 1,1999,was chair of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC),the federal agency which oversees the U.S. futures and commodity options markets. During her tenure on the CFTC,Born lobbied Congress and the President to give the CFTC oversight of off-exchange markets for derivatives,in addition to its role with respect to exchange-traded derivatives,but her warnings were ignored or dismissed,and her calls for reform resisted by other regulators. Born resigned as chairperson on June 1,1999,shortly after Congress passed legislation prohibiting her agency from regulating derivatives.
Retail foreign exchange trading is a small segment of the larger foreign exchange market where individuals speculate on the exchange rate between different currencies. This segment has developed with the advent of dedicated electronic trading platforms and the internet,which allows individuals to access the global currency markets. As of 2016,it was reported that retail foreign exchange trading represented 5.5% of the whole foreign exchange market.
Jill E. Sommers was sworn in as a commissioner of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission on August 8,2007 to a term that expired April 13,2009. She was nominated on July 20,2009 by President Barack Obama to serve a five-year second term.,and confirmed by the United States Senate on October 8,2009.
Bartholomew Hamilton Chilton was an American civil servant.
The Business Risk Mitigation and Price Stabilization Act of 2013 is a bill that passed the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress. The bill would exempt nonfinancial entities that enter into a swap or a security-based swap transaction from meeting certain margin requirements when the transaction is designed to offset losses or gains in other investments.
Timothy George Massad is an American lawyer and government official who served as the chairman of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) under President Barack Obama. He had previously been Assistant Secretary for Financial Stability at the United States Department of the Treasury,where he oversaw the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) created by the U.S. government in response to the financial crisis of 2007–08.
J. Christopher Giancarlo is an American attorney and former business executive who served as 13th chairman of the United States Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). Giancarlo was sworn in as a CFTC commissioner on June 16,2014,for a term expiring on April 13,2019. Starting on January 20,2017,with President Donald Trump's inauguration,Giancarlo began serving as acting chair of the CFTC. In March 2017,the president nominated Giancarlo to be full-time chair of the commission. Giancarlo was confirmed as chairman of the commission by the United States Senate on August 3,2017.
Securities market participants in the United States include corporations and governments issuing securities,persons and corporations buying and selling a security,the broker-dealers and exchanges which facilitate such trading,banks which safe keep assets,and regulators who monitor the markets' activities. Investors buy and sell through broker-dealers and have their assets retained by either their executing broker-dealer,a custodian bank or a prime broker. These transactions take place in the environment of equity and equity options exchanges,regulated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC),or derivative exchanges,regulated by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). For transactions involving stocks and bonds,transfer agents assure that the ownership in each transaction is properly assigned to and held on behalf of each investor.
Christy Goldsmith Romero is an American lawyer and federal government official. She has served as a member of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) since 2022,having been nominated by President Joe Biden.
Rostin Behnam(born February 16,1978) is an American lawyer and government official who currently serves as the 15th chairman of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). Prior to leading the CFTC,he served as one of five-member CFTC commissioners,having been nominated on July 13,2017 by President Donald Trump to fulfill a term expiring June 19,2021. Behnam was unanimously confirmed by the Senate on August 3,2017,and sworn in as commissioner on September 6,2017. On January 21,2021,the commission members unanimously elected Behnam to be acting chairman following President Joe Biden' s inauguration and the resignation of Heath Tarbert,who served as chairman since July 15,2019. Behnam was re-nominated by President Biden as a commissioner,and simultaneously nominated to chair the agency for a new 5-year term through June 19,2026. Behnam was unanimously confirmed by the Senate on December 15,2021,and sworn in as CFTC's chairman and chief administrative officer on January 4,2022.
Dan Michael Berkovitz was nominated by President Donald Trump to serve as a commissioner of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission on April 24,2018. He was unanimously confirmed by the Senate on August 28,2018 and sworn into office on September 7,2018 for a five-year term expiring on April 13,2023.
Thomas A. Russo is an American attorney and former Wall Street executive. He was vice chairman and chief legal officer of Lehman Brothers and general counsel for American International Group (AIG),two of the companies central to the 2008-2009 global financial crisis.
Mark P. Wetjen is an American lawyer. In 2011,he was nominated by Barack Obama to serve a five-year term as a Commissioner of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). He also served for five months as acting chairman of the CFTC upon the departure of his predecessor,Gary Gensler.
The Financial Innovation and Technology for the 21st Century Act (FIT21) is a bill in the U.S. Congress to explicitly address the treatment of digital assets under U.S. law.
