The 106th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government,composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington,D.C.,from January 3,1999,to January 3,2001,during the last two years of Bill Clinton's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1990 United States census. Both chambers maintained a Republican majority.
The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) is an independent agency of the US government created in 1974 that regulates the U.S. derivatives markets,which includes futures,swaps,and certain kinds of options.
The Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000 (CFMA) is United States federal legislation that ensured financial products known as over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives remained unregulated. It was signed into law on December 21,2000 by President Bill Clinton. It clarified the law so most OTC derivative transactions between "sophisticated parties" would not be regulated as "futures" under the Commodity Exchange Act of 1936 (CEA) or as "securities" under the federal securities laws. Instead,the major dealers of those products would continue to have their dealings in OTC derivatives supervised by their federal regulators under general "safety and soundness" standards. The Commodity Futures Trading Commission's (CFTC) desire to have "functional regulation" of the market was also rejected. Instead,the CFTC would continue to do "entity-based supervision of OTC derivatives dealers". The CFMA's treatment of OTC derivatives such as credit default swaps has become controversial,as those derivatives played a major role in the financial crisis of 2008 and the subsequent 2008–2012 global recession.
Gary Gensler is an American government official and former Goldman Sachs investment banker serving as the chair of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Gensler previously led the Biden–Harris transition's Federal Reserve,Banking,and Securities Regulators agency review team. Prior to his appointment,he was professor of Practice of Global Economics and Management at the MIT Sloan School of Management.
Options Clearing Corporation (OCC) is a United States clearing house based in Chicago. It specializes in equity derivatives clearing,providing central counterparty (CCP) clearing and settlement services to 16 exchanges. Started by Wayne Luthringshausen and carried on by Michael Cahill. Its instruments include options,financial and commodity futures,security futures,and securities lending transactions.
The Volcker Rule is §619 of the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. The rule was originally proposed by American economist and former United States Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker in 2010 to restrict United States banks from making certain kinds of speculative investments that do not benefit their customers but not implemented until July 2015. Volcker argued that such speculative activity played a key role in the 2007–2008 financial crisis. The rule is often referred to as a ban on proprietary trading by commercial banks,whereby deposits are used to trade on the bank's own accounts,although a number of exceptions to this ban were included in the Dodd–Frank law.
Jill E. Sommers was sworn in as a commissioner of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission on August 8,2007 to a term that expired April 13,2009. She was nominated on July 20,2009 by President Barack Obama to serve a five-year second term.,and confirmed by the United States Senate on October 8,2009.
Sean O'Brien Cota is an American businessman,energy market expert,financial commentator,and policy advisor on American energy and financial market transparency and reform measures. As the President of a third generation family-owned oil company,Cota &Cota Oil,Inc. in Bellows Falls,VT,whom he has worked for since 1977,he became extremely involved in energy commodity trading in 1988. In 2010,he was named Chairman of the Petroleum Marketers Association of America.
Bartholomew Hamilton Chilton was an American civil servant.
A Swap Execution Facility (SEF) is a platform for financial swap trading that provides pre-trade information and a mechanism for executing swap transactions among eligible participants.
A Commodity pool operator (CPO) is an individual or organization that solicits or receives funds to use in the operation of a commodity pool,syndicate,investment trust,or other similar fund,specifically for trading in commodity interests. Such interests include commodity futures,swaps,options and/or leverage transactions. A commodity pool may refer to funds that trade in commodities and can include hedge funds. A CPO may make trading decisions for a fund or the fund can be managed by one or more independent commodity trading advisors. The definition of CPO may apply to investment advisors for hedge funds and private funds including mutual funds and exchange-traded funds in certain cases. CPOs are generally regulated by the United States federal government through the Commodity Futures Trading Commission and National Futures Association.
A commodity trading advisor (CTA) is US financial regulatory term for an individual or organization who is retained by a fund or individual client to provide advice and services related to trading in futures contracts,commodity options and/or swaps. They are responsible for the trading within managed futures accounts. The definition of CTA may also apply to investment advisors for hedge funds and private funds including mutual funds and exchange-traded funds in certain cases. CTAs are generally regulated by the United States federal government through registration with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) and membership of the National Futures Association (NFA).
ICE Clear Credit LLC,a Delaware limited liability company,is a Derivatives Clearing Organisation (DCO) previously known as ICE Trust US LLC which was launched in March 2009. ICE offers trade execution and processing for the credit derivatives markets through Creditex and clearing through ICE Trust™. ICE Clear Credit LLC operates as a central counterparty (CCP) and clearinghouse for credit default swap (CDS) transactions conducted by its participants. ICE Clear Credit LLC is a subsidiary of IntercontinentalExchange (ICE). ICE Clear Credit LLC is a wholly owned subsidiary of ICE US Holding Company LP which is "organized under the law of the Cayman Islands but has consented to the jurisdiction of United States courts and government agencies with respect to matters arising out of federal banking laws."
trueEX Group LLC,known as trueEX,is a New York based financial technology company established on October 21,2010,by Founder Sunil G. Hirani,a Co-Founder of Creditex Group Inc. and his Co-founder,Jim Miller. Its headquarters are in the Flatiron District of New York City.
The Business Risk Mitigation and Price Stabilization Act of 2013 is a bill that passed the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress. The bill would exempt nonfinancial entities that enter into a swap or a security-based swap transaction from meeting certain margin requirements when the transaction is designed to offset losses or gains in other investments.
The Customer Protection and End User Relief Act was a bill that would have reauthorized the Commodity Futures Trading Commission through 2018 and amended some provisions of the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act.
Spoofing is a disruptive algorithmic trading activity employed by traders to outpace other market participants and to manipulate markets. Spoofers feign interest in trading futures,stocks,and other products in financial markets creating an illusion of the demand and supply of the traded asset. In an order driven market,spoofers post a relatively large number of limit orders on one side of the limit order book to make other market participants believe that there is pressure to sell or to buy the asset.
Heath Price Tarbert is an American lawyer and former government official who most recently served as the 14th Chairman and a Commissioner of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). Prior to leading the CFTC,he served as Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for International Markets and Development and as acting Under Secretary of the Treasury for International Affairs. As of July 1,2023,he is Chief Legal Officer and Head of Corporate Affairs for Circle.
Rostin Behnam(born February 16,1978) is an American lawyer and government official who currently serves as the 15th chairman of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). Prior to leading the CFTC,he served as one of five-member CFTC commissioners,having been nominated on July 13,2017 by President Donald Trump to fulfill a term expiring June 19,2021. Behnam was unanimously confirmed by the Senate on August 3,2017,and sworn in as commissioner on September 6,2017. On January 21,2021,the commission members unanimously elected Behnam to be acting chairman following President Joe Biden' s inauguration and the resignation of Heath Tarbert,who served as chairman since July 15,2019. Behnam was re-nominated by President Biden as a commissioner,and simultaneously nominated to chair the agency for a new 5-year term through June 19,2026. Behnam was unanimously confirmed by the Senate on December 15,2021,and sworn in as CFTC's chairman and chief administrative officer on January 4,2022.
Mark P. Wetjen is an American lawyer. In 2011,he was nominated by Barack Obama to serve a five-year term as a Commissioner of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). He also served for five months as acting chairman of the CFTC upon the departure of his predecessor,Gary Gensler.
