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Henry Hawley was the English Governor of Barbados from 1630 to 1639/40. [1]
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Henry Hawley was the English Governor of Barbados from 1630 to 1639/40. [1]
Henry Hawley was the younger son of James Hawley, [2] who held the lease for Brentford Market in Middlesex and, until 1622, the lease for Boston Manor nearby. James Hawley was a mercer [3] also trained at the Middle Temple, one of the Inns of Court.
Hawley himself served a mercer's apprenticeship at the Three Cranes Tavern in London. Almost all of his siblings embarked on colonisation in the New World; one exception was his younger brother Gabriel, who left his draper's [4] apprenticeship to serve in 1622 [5] his mercer uncle Henry Hawley, who newly appointed as the English East India Company's chief merchant in the East Indies.
Hawley's brother, James, [6] had served his mercer's apprenticeship with his uncle Henry Hawley and may have settled in Virginia. Hawley appointed his brother William to colonise and govern St. Croix, one of the Virgin Islands, but the islands were taken over by the Spanish. [7]
Hawley's sister Susan, married Richard Peers, [8] another planter, and in Hawley's absence, the acting deputy governor. [2] In addition, he was also brother in law of Richard Ashcraft (1590–1600). [9]
Hawley's eldest brother, Jerome, was one of eight investors in the founding of Maryland colony and served in the colony's General Assembly.
As Captain Henry Hawley, he was appointed governor of Barbados in 1630, arriving in June that year initially in the capacity of Commissioner to James Hay, 1st Earl of Carlisle. After a struggle over patents with Sir William Courten, Hay had emerged as the proprietor of the island. He died heavily in debt in 1636 and, for the minority of his son, trustees were appointed to administer his estate. They made onerous tax demands on Barbados to settle the Hay family debts. Hawley enforced high taxes and tariffs, at a cost of damage to trade.[ citation needed ]
Modern historians, such as Larry Dale Gragg [10] and Mathew Parker [11] have noted that Governor Henry Hawley's rule of the island was deeply unpopular, noting that he "was universally held to be a tyrant" and a "drunkard". Some historians have argued that he brought in the first ever slave code in Barbados in 1636 [12] which stipulated that Black slaves brought to Barbados to be sold should be enslaved for life, although some [13] doubt it ever existed. Darryll Clarke, [14] author of Governor Henry Hawley and the 1636 Slave Code makes the case for its existence and points out that this slave code is central to historiographical understanding of the history of slavery in the West Indies. The first official slave code in Barbados was introduced in 1661 by the colonial legislature. [15]
Barbados is an island country in the southeastern Caribbean Sea, situated about 100 miles (160 km) east of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Roughly triangular in shape, the island measures some 21 miles (34 km) from northwest to southeast and about 14 miles (23 km) from east to west at its widest point. The capital and largest town is Bridgetown, which is also the main seaport.
The British West Indies (BWI) were colonised British territories in the West Indies: Anguilla, the Cayman Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands, Montserrat, the British Virgin Islands, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, British Guiana and Trinidad and Tobago. Other territories included Bermuda, and the former British Honduras.
The slave codes were laws relating to slavery and enslaved people, specifically regarding the Atlantic slave trade and chattel slavery in the Americas.
The Barbados Slave Code of 1661, officially titled as An Act for the better ordering and governing of Negroes, was a law passed by the Parliament of Barbados to provide a legal basis for slavery in the English colony of Barbados. It is the first comprehensive Slave Act, and the code's preamble, which stated that the law's purpose was to "protect them [slaves] as we do men's other goods and Chattels", established that black slaves would be treated as chattel property in the island's court.
Slavery in the British and French Caribbean refers to slavery in the parts of the Caribbean dominated by France or the British Empire.
The term British West Indies refers to the former English and British colonies and the present-day overseas territories of the United Kingdom in the Caribbean.
This article describes the history of West Indies cricket to 1918.
Sir William Courten or Curteen (1572–1636) was a wealthy 17th century merchant, operating from London. He financed the colonisation of Barbados, but lost his investment and interest in the islands to the Earl of Carlisle.
John Humphrey was an English Puritan and an early funder of the English colonisation of North America. He was the treasurer of the Dorchester Company, which established an unsuccessful settlement on Massachusetts Bay in the 1620s, and was deputy governor of the Massachusetts Bay Company from 1629 to 1630. He came to Massachusetts in 1634, where he served as a magistrate and was the first sergeant major general of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company. He became involved in English attempts to settle Providencia Island in the late 1630s, and returned to England in 1641 after financial reverses and probable religious differences with other members of the Massachusetts ruling elite. He then became involved in an attempt to settle The Bahamas in the late 1640s, and had some involvement in the politics of the English Civil War.
Philip Bell was Governor of Bermuda from 1626 to 1629, of the Providence Island colony from 1629 to 1636, and of Barbados from 1640 to 1650 during the English Civil War. During his terms of office in Providence and Barbados, the colonies moved from using indentured English workers to slaves imported from West Africa. The Providence Island colony, despite its puritan ideals, became a haven for privateers attacking ships in the Spanish Main.
Sir Henry Huncks was an English soldier who was briefly governor of Barbados from 1640 to 1641. During the English Civil War, he was a lieutenant colonel in the army, fighting on the Cavalier side in support of the king.
Sir William Tufton, 1st Baronet was the British governor of Barbados between 21 December 1629 and 16 July 1630.
Migration from Ireland to Saint Kitts and Nevis in the West Indies began in the 1620s, when the islands of Saint Kitts and Nevis became part of the British Empire, and continued into the 18th century.
Henry Powell, was an early English settler, captain, and planter on the Barbados Colony.
Major-General Sir Evan John Murray-Macgregor of Macgregor, 2nd Baronet, was a Scottish colonial administrator and senior British army officer.
Saint Lucian nationality law is regulated by the Saint Lucia Constitution Order of 1978, as amended; the Citizenship of Saint Lucia Act of 1979, and its revisions; and various British Nationality laws. These laws determine who is, or is eligible to be, a national of Saint Lucia. Saint Lucian nationality is typically obtained either on the principle of jus soli, i.e. by birth in Saint Lucia; or under the rules of jus sanguinis, i.e. by birth abroad to parents with Saint Lucian nationality. It can be granted to persons with an affiliation to the country, or to a permanent resident who has lived in the country for a given period of time through naturalisation. There is also, currently a program in Saint Lucia for persons to acquire nationality through investment in the country. Nationality establishes one's international identity as a member of a sovereign nation. Though it is not synonymous with citizenship, for rights granted under domestic law for domestic purposes, the United Kingdom, and thus the commonwealth, have traditionally used the words interchangeably.
The Barbados Servant Code of 1661 or the Master and Servant Code, officially titled as An Act for good governing of Servants and Ordaining the rights between Master and Servants was a law passed by the Parliament of Barbados to provide a legal basis for servitude in the English colony of Barbados. It was one of a series of acts including the Militia Act, which provided a basis to control indentured servants, often Irish, as well as enslaved on the Caribbean Island.
The Barbadian Adventurers were groups of English-descended colonists who migrated from the English colony of Barbados to establish and settle the Province of Carolina.
