Hickson Compact Group

Hickson Compact Group
Alternative names	Hickson Galaxy Groups
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Last updated September 06, 2024

A Hickson Compact Group (abbreviation: HCG) is a collection of galaxies designated as published by Paul Hickson in 1982.^[1]

Hickson Compact Groups

According to Hickson: “Most compact groups contain a high fraction of galaxies having morphological or kinematical peculiarities, nuclear radio and infrared emission, and starburst or active galactic nuclei (AGN) activity. They contain large quantities of diffuse gas and are dynamically dominated by dark matter. They most likely form as subsystems within looser associations and evolve by gravitational processes. Strong galaxy interactions result and merging is expected to lead to the ultimate demise of the group. Compact groups are surprisingly numerous, and may play a significant role in galaxy evolution.”^[2]

List

HCG	Right ascension ^[3]	Declination ^[3]	Galaxy count^[4]	Members	Notes
1	00^h 26.0^m	+25° 43′	4	UGC 248, PGC 1625, PGC 1614, PGC 1618
2	00^h 31^m 24^s	+08° 26.8′	4	UGC 312, Markarian 552, UGC 314, UGC 315
3	00^h 34^m 11^s	−07° 35.6′	4	MCG-01-02-032, PGC 2064, PGC 2059, PGC 2043
4	00^h 34^m 15.3^s	−21° 26′ 52″	5	ESO 540-1, ESO 540-2, PGC 2051, PGC 2057, PGC 2040
5	00^h 38^m 54^s	+07° 03.8′	4	NGC 190, NGC 190S, MCG+01-02-042, PGC 2326
6	00^h 39^m 10^s	−08° 23.7′	4	PGC 2347, PGC 2350, PGC 2351, PGC 2353
7	00^h 39^m 15.9^s	+00° 53′ 17″	4	NGC 192, NGC 196, NGC 197, NGC 201	Contains three spirals and one lenticular galaxy ^[5]
8	00^h 49^m 37^s	+23° 34.8′	4	MCG+04-03-008, PGC 2888, PGC 2890, PGC 2892
9	00^h 54^m 18^s	−23° 33.1′	4	MCG-04-03-027, MCG-04-03-028, PGC 3196, PGC 3200
10	01^h 26^m 24.5^s	+34° 42′ 51″	4	NGC 536, NGC 529, NGC 531, NGC 542
11	01^h 26.6^m	−23° 13′	4	ESO 476-8, MCG-04-04-010, PGC 5357, PGC 5381
12	01^h 27^m 33.7^s	−04° 40′ 14″	5	MCG-01-04-052, PGC 5432, PGC 5439, PGC 5443, PGC 5445
13	01^h 32.4^m	−07° 52′	5	MCG-01-05-002, MCG-01-05-003, MCG-01-05-004, PGC 5728, PGC 5741
14	01^h 59^m 47^s	−07° 01.7′	4	MCG-01-06-017, MCG-01-06-019, MCG-01-06-020, MCG-01-06-022
15	02^h 07^m 39.0^s	+02° 08′ 18″	6	UGC 1617, UGC 1618, UGC 1618 B, UGC 1620, UGC 1624, MCG+00-06-033
16	02^h 09^m 31.3^s	−10° 09′ 31″	4	NGC 835, NGC 833, NGC 838, NGC 839	Contains three starburst galaxies, two LINER galaxies, and a Seyfert 2 galaxy ^[6]
17	02^h 14^m 04.5^s	+13° 18′ 54″	5	PGC 8558, PGC 8559, PGC 8560, PGC 8561, PGC 8564
18	02^h 39^m 06.10^s	+18° 23′ 02.0″	4	MCG+03-07-038, UGC 2140
19	02^h 42^m 45^s	−12° 24.7′	4	MCG-02-07-073, MCG-02-07-074, MCG-02-07-075, PGC 10269
20	02^h 44^m 14^s	+26° 06.2′	6	PGC 10364, PGC 10365, PGC 10366, PGC 10367, PGC 10368, PGC 10369
21	02^h 45^m 16.9^s	−17° 37′ 35″	5	NGC 1099, NGC 1100, NGC 1098, NGC 1091, NGC 1092
22	03^h 03^m 31^s	−15° 40.5′	5	NGC 1199, NGC 1190, NGC 1189, NGC 1191, NGC 1192
23	03^h 07^m 06^s	−09° 35.1′	5	NGC 1214, NGC 1215, NGC 1216, MCG-02-08-054
24	03^h 20.3^m	−10° 51′	5	MCG-02-09-031, MCG-02-09-032, PGC 12472, PGC 12492, PGC 12489
25	03^h 20^m 43.7^s	−01° 03′ 07″	7	UGC 2690, UGC 2691, PGC 12524, PGC 12530, PGC 12533, PGC 12538, PGC 12550
26	03^h 21^m 54^s	−13° 38.8′	7	MCG-02-09-035, HCG 26b, PGC 12604, PGC 12605, PGC 12610, PGC 12613, PGC 12615
27	04^h 19.4^m	−11° 42′	6	PGC 14861, PGC 14862, PGC 14863, PGC 14866, PGC 14870, PGC 14873
28	04^h 27^m 19^s	−10° 19.0′	4	PGC 15135, PGC 15136, PGC 15141, HCGd 28d
29	04^h 34^m 45^s	−30° 32.8′	4	PGC 15559, PGC 15560, PGC 15561, PGC 15562
30	04^h 36.5^m	−02° 49′	4	MCG+00-12-051, MCG+00-12-054, PGC 15624, PGC 15636
31	05^h 01^m 37^s	−04° 15.4′	4	NGC 1741A, PGC 16570, NGC 1741B, PGC 16571
32	05^h 01.7^m	−15° 25′	4	MCG-03-13-053, PGC 16578, PGC 16584, PGC 16587
33	05^h 10^m 47.6^s	+18° 01′ 11″	4	PGC 16863, PGC 16866, PGC 16867, PGC 16871
34	05^h 21^m 47^s	+06° 40.6′	4	NGC 1875, VV 169b, VV 169c, VV 169d
35	08^h 45^m 20.71^s	+44° 32′ 23.1″	6	PGC 24596, PGC 24597, PGC 24598, PGC 24599, PGC 24600, PGC 24601
36	09^h 09^m 24^s	+15° 47.7′	4	IC 528, IC 528C, PGC 25782, PGC 25791
37	09^h 13^m 35.6^s	+30° 00′ 51″	5	NGC 2783, UGC 4856, MCG+05-22-016, MCG+05-22-018, MCG+05-22-020,
38	09^h 27.6^m	+12° 16′	4	MCG+02-24-012, UGC 5044, MCG+02-24-014, PGC 26830
39	09^h 29^m 28^s	−01° 20.7′	4	PGC 26925, PGC 26926, PGC 26929, PGC 26931
40	09^h 38^m 54^s	−04° 51.1′	6	MCG-01-25-008, MCG-01-25-009, MCG-01-25-010, MCG-01-25-011, MCG-01-25-012, PGC 27517	also known as Arp 321
41	09^h 57^m 40^s	+45° 14.4′	4	UGC 5345, UGC 5346, MCG+08-18-046, PGC 28784
42	10^h 00^m 13.1^s	−19° 38′ 24″	4	NGC 3091, NGC 3096, MCG-03-26-006, PGC 28926	also known as NGC 3091 Group
43	10^h 11.2^m	−00° 01′	6	Z 8-59, Z 8-61, Z 8-62, PGC 29666, PGC 29668, PGC 29673
44	10^h 18^m 00^s	+21° 48.7′	4	NGC 3185, NGC 3187, NGC 3190, NGC 3193
45	10^h 19.2^m	+59° 06′	4	UGC 5564, PGC 30137, PGC 30143, PGC 30156
46	10^h 22.0^m	+17° 48′	4	MCG+03-27-005, MCG+03-27-007, MCG+03-27-008, MCG+03-27-009
47	10^h 25^m 48^s	+13° 43.9′	4	UGC 5644, MCG+02-27-013, MCG+02-27-014, MCG+02-27-015
48	10^h 37^m 45.6^s	−27° 04′ 50″	4	IC 2597, ESO 501-59, PGC 31577, PGC 31580
49	10^h 56^m 36^s	+67° 10.8′	4	PGC 32890, PGC 32893, PGC 32895, PGC 32899
50	11^h 17^m 06^s	+54° 55.1′	5	PGC 34444, PGC 34447, PGC 34448, PGC 34452, PGC 34453
51	11^h 22^m 21.6^s	+24° 19′ 41″	7	NGC 3651, NGC 3653, IC 2759, MCG+04-27-030, MCG+04-27-027, PGC 34899, PGC 34901
52	11^h 26.3^m	+21° 05′	4	MCG+04-27-036, PGC 35178, PGC 35179, PGC 35184,
53	11^h 28^m 58^s	+20° 46.6′	4	NGC 3697, Mrk 1296, MCG+04-27-044, PGC 35381
54	11^h 29^m 15^s	+20° 34.7′	4	IC 700
55	11^h 32^m 07^s	+70° 48.7′	5	PGC 35573, PGC 35574, PGC 35575, 2MASX J11320571+7048236, HCG 55e
56	11^h 32^m 32^s	+52° 56.9′	5	MCG+09-19-113, Mrk 176, PGC 35609, PGC 35615, PGC 35618	south of NGC 3718 and a popular target for amateur astronomers
57	11^h 37^m 50.5^s	+21° 59′ 06″	8	NGC 3753, NGC 3746, NGC 3750, NGC 3754, NGC 3748, NGC 3751, NGC 3745, PGC 36010	Also known as Copeland Septet
58	11^h 42^m 09.4^s	+10° 16′ 30″	5	NGC 3817, NGC 3819, NGC 3820, NGC 3822, NGC 3825,
59	11^h 48^m 27^s	+12° 43.0′	5	IC 737, IC 736, PGC 36871, PGC 36867, PGC 36851
60	12^h 03^m 05^s	+51° 41.6′	4	MCG+09-20-071, PGC 38053, PGC 38064, PGC 38072
61	12^h 12^m 24^s	+29° 10.7′	4	NGC 4169, NGC 4170, NGC 4174, NGC 4175
62	12^h 53^m 05.6^s	−09° 12′ 21″	4	NGC 4759, NGC 4761, NGC 4764, NGC 4776, NGC 4778
63	13^h 02.2^m	−32° 46′	4	ESO 381-50, ESO 443-37, PGC 44959, PGC 44979
64	13^h 25^m 43^s	−03° 51.5′	4	PGC 46971, PGC 46972, PGC 46975, PGC 46977,
65	13^h 29^m 53^s	−29° 30.0′	5	ESO 444-55, PGC 47401, PGC 47403, PGC 47406, PGC 47407
66	13^h 38^m 33^s	+57° 18.3′	4	MCG+10-19-104, PGC 48220, PGC 48231, PGC 48222
67	13^h 49^m 03.5^s	−07° 12′ 20″	4	NGC 5306, MCG-01-35-013, MCG-01-35-015, PGC 49036
68	13^h 53^m 40.9^s	+40° 19′ 07″	5	NGC 5350, NGC 5353, NGC 5354, NGC 5355, NGC 5358
69	13^h 55^m 31^s	+25° 03.8′	4	UGC 8842, Z 132-48, MCG+04-33-028, PGC 49499	HCG 69 is surrounded by other galaxies, such as IC 4343, IC 4344, IC 4345, IC 4346, IC 4348 and IC 4349
70	14^h 04^m 07.4^s	+33° 19′ 10″	7	IC 4369, IC 4370, IC 4371, UGC 8990, MCG+06-31-057, MCG+06-31-065, PGC 50123
71	14^h 11.1^m	+25° 29′	4	NGC 5008, IC 4382, PGC 50640, PGC 50641
72	14^h 47^m 55^s	+19° 03.6′	6	UGC 9532, MCG+03-38-017, MCG+03-38-018, MCG+03-38-018, MCG+03-38-020, MCG+03-38-022
73	15^h 02^m 40.1^s	+23° 21′ 13″	5	NGC 5829, IC 4526, PGC 53702, PGC 53703, PGC 53720
74	15^h 19^m 28^s	+20° 53.6′	5	NGC 5910, MCG+04-36-036, PGC 54692, PGC 54694, PGC 54697
75	15^h 21^m 37.0^s	+21° 10′ 50″	6	PGC 54802, PGC 54803, PGC 54804, PGC 54818, PGC 54824, PGC 54827
76	15^h 31.7^m	+07° 18′	5	NGC 5941, NGC 5942, NGC 5944, MCG+01-40-003, PGC 55313, PGC 55325
77	15^h 49^m 17^s	+21° 49.7′	4	UGC 10049, PGC 56121, PGC 56122, PGC 56125
78	15^h 48.5^m	+68° 12′	4	UGC 10057, MCG+11-19-016, PGC 56086, PGC 56095
79	15^h 59^m 13^s	+20° 45.1′	5	NGC 6027, NGC 6027a, NGC 6027b, NGC 6027c, NGC 6027d, NGC 6027e (tidal tail of NGC 6027)	Also known as UGC 10116, VV 115, Seyfert's Sextet or Serpens Sextet. Contains 2 lenticular galaxies, 3 spiral galaxies (one barred spiral) and a tidal tail.
80	15^h 59^m 12^s	+65° 13.6′	4	PGC 56572, PGC 56577, PGC 56588, PGC 56590
81	16^h 18^m 13^s	+12° 47.6′	4	SDSS J161813.66+124811.2, PGC 57774, PGC 57777, PGC 57779
82	16^h 28^m 22.1^s	+32° 49′ 25″	4	NGC 6161, NGC 6162, NGC 6163, PGC 58231
83	16^h 35^m 40.9^s	+06° 16′ 12″	5	PGC 58559, PGC 58561, PGC 58562, PGC 58565, PGC 58569
84	16^h 44^m 08^s	+77° 50.2′	6	PGC 58856, PGC 58861, PGC 58873, PGC 58877, PGC 58881, PGC 58884
85	18^h 50^m 22.3^s	+73° 21′ 00″	4	PGC 62476, PGC 62477, PGC 62478, PGC 62484,
86	19^h 51^m 59.2^s	−30° 49′ 34″	4	ESO 461-7, MCG-05-47-001, MCG-05-47-002, MCG-05-47-003,
87	20^h 48^m 11^s	−19° 50.4′	4	ESO 597-36, PGC 65409, ESO 597-35, PGC 65414	One of the most compact groups, hosting two active galactic nuclei and a starburst among its three members, all of which show signs of interaction
88	20^h 52.4^m	−05° 45′	4	NGC 6978, NGC 6976, NGC 6977, MCG-01-53-014
89	21^h 20.2^m	−03° 54′	4	MCG-01-54-012, PGC 66574, PGC 66575, PGC 66580
90	22^h 02^m 06.3^s	−31° 55′ 48″	4	NGC 7173, NGC 7174, NGC 7176, and NGC 7172	also called NGC 7176 Group
91	22^h 09^m 00.8^s	−27° 47′ 36″	4	NGC 7214, ESO 467-15, ESO 467-13, HCG 91d	also called VV 700 Group
92	22^h 35^m 57.5^s	+33° 57′ 36″	5	NGC 7317, NGC 7318A, NGC 7318B, NGC 7319, NGC 7320C	Also called Stephan's Quintet, one galaxy of the sixsome, NGC 7320, is not part of the HCG but is a foreground galaxy in front of the five galaxies in the HCG. When discovered, two of the galaxies in the grouping were considered to be one galaxy, NGC 7318.
93	23^h 15^m 12.2^s	+18° 59′ 31″	5	NGC 7547, NGC 7549, NGC 7550, NGC 7553, NGC 7558
94	23^h 17^m 16.5^s	+18° 43′ 11″	7	NGC 7578, UGC 12477, PGC 70936, PGC 70937, PGC 70939, PGC 70941, PGC 70943,
95	23^h 19^m 32^s	+09° 29.5′	4	NGC 7609, MCG+01-59-046, PGC 71077, PGC 71080	also called Arp 150 Group and NGC 7609 Group
96	23^h 27^m 58^s	+08° 46.4′	4	NGC 7674, NGC 7674A, NGC 7675, PGC 71507
97	23^h 47^m 24.0^s	−02° 19′ 08″	5	IC 5351, IC 5352, IC 5356, IC 5357, IC 5359
98	23^h 54.2^m	+00° 22′	4	NGC 7783, MCG+00-60-059, PGC 72810, NGC 7783 C	In 2019 a giant tidal tail and a large envelope was discovered around HCG 98 with the Wise Observatory ^[7]
99	00^h 00^m 43^s	+28° 23.7′	4	UGC 12897, UGC 12899, MCG+05-01-021, PGC 60, PGC 57
100	00^h 01.3^m	+13° 07′	4	NGC 7803, Mrk 934, MCG+02-01-009, MCG+02-01-010

Gallery

NGC 201 is a barred spiral galaxy similar to the Milky Way, a member of HCG 7 ^[8]
HCG 22 by Hubble Space Telescope ^[9]
Hickson Compact Group 59 by Hubble Space Telescope
HCG 31 by Hubble Space Telescope
HCG 31
The four members of HCG 44 by Hunter Wilson
NGC 6976 (lower right) and NGC 6977 (left) are part of HCG 88. Hubble image
NGC 3718 and HCG 56 (bottom). Image from the legacy surveys

Related Research Articles

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Stephan's Quintet is a visual grouping of five galaxies of which four form the first compact galaxy group ever discovered. The group, visible in the constellation Pegasus, was discovered by Édouard Stephan in 1877 at the Marseille Observatory. The group is the most studied of all the compact galaxy groups. The brightest member of the visual grouping is NGC 7320, which has extensive H II regions, identified as red blobs, where active star formation is occurring.

Centaurus A is a galaxy in the constellation of Centaurus. It was discovered in 1826 by Scottish astronomer James Dunlop from his home in Parramatta, in New South Wales, Australia. There is considerable debate in the literature regarding the galaxy's fundamental properties such as its Hubble type and distance. It is the closest radio galaxy to Earth, as well as the closest BL Lac object, so its active galactic nucleus has been extensively studied by professional astronomers. The galaxy is also the fifth-brightest in the sky, making it an ideal amateur astronomy target. It is only visible from the southern hemisphere and low northern latitudes.

The Whirlpool Galaxy, also known as Messier 51a (M51a) or NGC 5194, is an interacting grand-design spiral galaxy with a Seyfert 2 active galactic nucleus. It lies in the constellation Canes Venatici, and was the first galaxy to be classified as a spiral galaxy. It is 7.22 megaparsecs away and 23.58 kiloparsecs (76,900 ly) in diameter.

The Sombrero Galaxy is a peculiar galaxy of unclear classification in the constellation borders of Virgo and Corvus, being about 9.55 megaparsecs from the Milky Way galaxy. It is a member of the Virgo II Groups, a series of galaxies and galaxy clusters strung out from the southern edge of the Virgo Supercluster. It has an isophotal diameter of approximately 29.09 to 32.32 kiloparsecs, making it slightly bigger in size than the Milky Way.

NGC 1705 is a peculiar lenticular galaxy and a blue compact dwarf galaxy (BCD) in the southern constellation of Pictor, positioned less than a degree to the east of Iota Pictoris, and is undergoing a starburst. With an apparent visual magnitude of 12.6 it requires a telescope to observe. It is estimated to be approximately 17 million light-years from the Earth, and is a member of the Dorado Group.

NGC 4414, also known as the Dusty Spiral Galaxy, is an unbarred spiral galaxy about 62 million light-years away in the constellation Coma Berenices. It is a flocculent spiral galaxy, with short segments of spiral structure but without the dramatic well-defined spiral arms of a grand design spiral.

NGC 1316 is a lenticular galaxy about 60 million light-years away in the constellation Fornax. It is a radio galaxy and at 1400 MHz is the fourth-brightest radio source in the sky.

NGC 1672 is a barred spiral galaxy located in the constellation Dorado. It was discovered by the astronomer James Dunlop on November 5, 1826. It was originally unclear whether it was a member of the Dorado Group, with some sources finding it to be a member and other sources rejecting its membership. However, recent tip of the red-giant branch (TRGB) measurements indicate that NGC 1672 is located at the same distance as other members, suggesting it is indeed a member of the Dorado Group.

NGC 6503 is a field dwarf spiral galaxy in the northern constellation of Draco. It was discovered by German astronomer Arthur von Auwers on July 22, 1854. The galaxy has an angular size of 7.1′ × 2.4′ and an apparent visual magnitude of 10.2. It is located at a distance of approximately 20.9 million light-years (6.40 Mpc) from the Milky Way galaxy. NGC 6503 may form the remote tip of a long chain of galaxies that extends out into the local void, forming a galaxy filament spanning 26 million light-years (8 Mpc).

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 3753</span> Galaxy in the constellation Leo

NGC 3753 is a large spiral galaxy with a bar located in the Leo constellation. It is located 435 million light-years away from the Solar System and was discovered on February 9, 1874, by Ralph Copeland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 3750</span> Galaxy in the constellation Leo

NGC 3750 is a lenticular galaxy with a bar located in the constellation of Leo. It is located 450 million light-years from the Solar System and was discovered by Ralph Copeland on February 9, 1874.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 3748</span> Galaxy in the constellation Leo

NGC 3748 is a lenticular galaxy with a bar located in the Leo constellation. It is located 440 million light-years away from the Solar System and was discovered by Ralph Copeland on April 5, 1874, but also observed by Hermann Kobold, Lawrence Parsons and John Louis Emil Dreyer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 3754</span> Galaxy in the constellation Leo

NGC 3754 is a small barred spiral galaxy located in Leo. It is located 447 million light-years away from the Solar System and was discovered on April 5, 1874, by Ralph Copeland.

NGC 3745 is a lenticular galaxy with a bar structure located in the constellation of Leo. NGC 3745 is located 471 million light-years away from the Solar System and was discovered by Ralph Copeland on April 5, 1874, but also observed by Hermann Kobold, Lawrence Parsons and John Louis Emil Dreyer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 3751</span> Galaxy in the constellation Leo

NGC 3751 is a type E-S0 lenticular galaxy located in the Leo constellation. It is located 450 million light-years away from the Solar System and was discovered by Ralph Copeland on April 5, 1874.

IC 2759 is a small type E elliptical galaxy located in the constellation of Leo. It is located 350 million light-years away from the Solar System and was discovered on April 24, 1897, by Guillaume Bigourdan. Sometimes IC 2759 is confused with the spiral galaxy, PGC 34882 which is located south of the galaxy.

NGC 7609 or known as Arp 150 and HCG 95A, is a large elliptical galaxy located in Pegasus. Its speed relative to the cosmic microwave background is 11,879 km/s, which corresponds the galaxy to be located 554 million light-years away from Earth. NGC 7609 was discovered on October 5, 1864, by Albert Marth and included in Halton Arp's, Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies in galaxies that produces jets.

References

↑ Hickson, Paul (1982). "Systematic properties of compact groups of galaxies". Astrophysical Journal. 255: 382–391. Bibcode:1982ApJ...255..382H. doi:10.1086/159838.
↑ "Compact Groups of Galaxies" . Retrieved 23 October 2006.
1 2 "HCG". SIMBAD . Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg . Retrieved 8 March 2017.
↑ Hickson, P. (1982). "Systematic properties of compact groups of galaxies". Astrophysical Journal. 255: Part 1, 382–391. Bibcode:1982ApJ...255..382H. doi:10.1086/159838.
↑ "Anne's Picture of the Day: Hickson Compact Group 7". Anne's Astronomy News. 27 December 2012.
↑ "Hubble views a bizarre cosmic quartet". Space Daily. 22 June 2015.
↑ Brosch, Noah; Koriski, Shuki; Rich, R. Michael; Mosenkov, Alexandr V. (1 January 2019). "Hickson Compact Group 98: a complex merging group with a giant tidal tail and a humongous envelope". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 482 (2): 2284–2293. Bibcode:2019MNRAS.482.2284B. doi: 10.1093/mnras/sty2717 . ISSN 0035-8711.
↑ "A fossil in the making". ESA/Hubble Picture of the Week. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
↑ "A members-only galaxy club". ESA/Hubble Picture of the Week. Retrieved 10 December 2013.

External links

Astronomy Picture of the Day – Galaxy Group Hickson 31 – 22 February 2010

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[Hickson1993-1] Hickson, Paul (1982). "Systematic properties of compact groups of galaxies". Astrophysical Journal. 255: 382–391. Bibcode:1982ApJ...255..382H. doi:10.1086/159838.

[Hickson1997-2] "Compact Groups of Galaxies" . Retrieved 23 October 2006.

[simbad-3] 1 2 "HCG". SIMBAD . Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg . Retrieved 8 March 2017.

[4] Hickson, P. (1982). "Systematic properties of compact groups of galaxies". Astrophysical Journal. 255: Part 1, 382–391. Bibcode:1982ApJ...255..382H. doi:10.1086/159838.

[5] "Anne's Picture of the Day: Hickson Compact Group 7". Anne's Astronomy News. 27 December 2012.

[SpaceDaily-2015-06-22-6] "Hubble views a bizarre cosmic quartet". Space Daily. 22 June 2015.

[7] Brosch, Noah; Koriski, Shuki; Rich, R. Michael; Mosenkov, Alexandr V. (1 January 2019). "Hickson Compact Group 98: a complex merging group with a giant tidal tail and a humongous envelope". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 482 (2): 2284–2293. Bibcode:2019MNRAS.482.2284B. doi: 10.1093/mnras/sty2717 . ISSN 0035-8711.

[8] "A fossil in the making". ESA/Hubble Picture of the Week. Retrieved 3 July 2014.

[9] "A members-only galaxy club". ESA/Hubble Picture of the Week. Retrieved 10 December 2013.

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