The Historia Acephala ("Headless History") is an anonymous 4th or early 5th century ecclesiastical chronicle primarily concerning the Patriarchate of Alexandria and the activities of Athanasius. Despite the poor condition of the manuscript it has survived in, the work is valuable for its exceptional chronological accuracy. [1] [edition 1] :p. 21 [edition 2] :p. 495 f.
Editors have put forward several theories as to the date of the work's composition: Some editors hold that it was originally written in 368 for the 40th anniversary of Athanasius' election and that later chroniclers inserted additional information. Others argue that it was composed some time during Theophilus' tenure as bishop, i.e. between 384 and 412 AD. [edition 3] :p. 63-65 The work was originally written in Greek, but survives only in a single 8th century unical quarto containing a partial Latin translation. [2] While the original text appears to have covered Athanasius' entire episcopacy (i.e. from 328), the surviving version only covers the years between 346 and 373 in detail, with a small portion mentioning Athanasius' successors Peter II, Timothy I, and Theophilus. The manuscript was discovered in Verona by Scipione Maffei in 1738, who gave the then-unknown chronicle the title Historia Acephala in reference to the missing first section of the work. [1] [edition 1] :p. 22
The Historia Acaphala is an important source for clarifying the often confused chronology of Athanasius' life and career. Its usefulness is thanks, in large part, to the unusual diligence and accuracy of the annalist: editor Archibald Robertson writes, "The Latin text [...] is very imperfect, but the annalist is so careful in his reckonings, and so often repeats himself, that the careful reader can nearly always use the document to make good its own gaps or wrong readings." [edition 1] :p. 21 [edition 2] :p. 495 The work was used by the 5th century church historians Sozomen and Theodoret, perhaps in its original state. [3]
The Athanasian Creed — also called the Pseudo-Athanasian Creed or Quicunque Vult, which is both its Latin name and its opening words, meaning "Whosoever wishes" — is a Christian statement of belief focused on Trinitarian doctrine and Christology. Used by Christian churches since the early sixth century, it was the first creed to explicitly state the equality of the three hypostases of the Trinity. It differs from the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed and the Apostles' Creed in that it includes anathemas condemning those who disagree with its statements.
Athanasius I of Alexandria, also called Athanasius the Great, Athanasius the Confessor, or, among Coptic Christians, Athanasius the Apostolic, was a Christian theologian and the 20th pope of Alexandria. His intermittent episcopacy spanned 45 years, of which over 17 encompassed five exiles, when he was replaced on the order of four different Roman emperors. Athanasius was a Church Father, the chief defender of Trinitarianism against Arianism, and a noted Egyptian Christian leader of the fourth century.
Constantius II was Roman emperor from 337 to 361. His reign saw constant warfare on the borders against the Sasanian Empire and Germanic peoples, while internally the Roman Empire went through repeated civil wars, court intrigues, and usurpations. His religious policies inflamed domestic conflicts that would continue after his death.
The deuterocanonical books are books and passages considered by the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, and/or the Assyrian Church of the East to be canonical books of the Old Testament, but which Jews and Protestants regard as apocrypha. They date from 300 BC to 100 AD, before the separation of the Christian church from Judaism. While the New Testament never directly quotes from or names these books, the apostles quoted the Septuagint, which includes them. Some say there is a correspondence of thought, and others see texts from these books being paraphrased, referred, or alluded to many times in the New Testament, depending in large measure on what is counted as a reference.
Eusebius of Caesarea, also known as Eusebius Pamphilus, was a Greek Palestinian historian of Christianity, exegete, and Christian polemicist. In about AD 314 he became the bishop of Caesarea Maritima in the Roman province of Syria Palaestina. Together with Pamphilus, he was a scholar of the biblical canon and is regarded as one of the most learned Christians during late antiquity. He wrote Demonstrations of the Gospel, Preparations for the Gospel and On Discrepancies between the Gospels, studies of the biblical text. As "Father of Church History", he produced the Ecclesiastical History, On the Life of Pamphilus, the Chronicle and On the Martyrs. He also produced a biographical work on Constantine the Great, the first Christian Roman emperor, who was Augustus between AD 306 and AD 337.
Socrates of Constantinople, also known as Socrates Scholasticus, was a 5th-century Greek Christian church historian, a contemporary of Sozomen and Theodoret.
Paulus Catena was a senior Roman public official who served as an investigator and notary for Constantius II during the mid-fourth century. He is principally known through the writings of Ammianus Marcellinus, though he is also present in the works of Libanius and Julian the Apostate. Marcellinus describes him as infamously cruel, and a skilled fabricator of false accusations.
The Royal Frankish Annals, also called the Annales Laurissenses maiores, are a series of annals composed in Latin in the Carolingian Francia, recording year-by-year the state of the monarchy from 741 to 829. Their authorship is unknown, though Wilhelm von Giesebrecht suggested that Arno of Salzburg was the author of an early section surviving in the copy at Lorsch Abbey. The Annals are believed to have been composed in successive sections by different authors, and then compiled.
Apollonius of Tyre is the hero of a short ancient novel, popular in the Middle Ages. Existing in numerous forms in many languages, all are thought to derive from an ancient Greek version now lost.
The Council of Serdica, or Synod of Serdica, was a synod convened in 343 at Serdica in the civil diocese of Dacia, by Emperors Constans I, augustus in the West, and Constantius II, augustus in the East. It attempted to resolve the Arian controversy, and was attended by about 170 bishops. It was convened by the two augusti at the request of Pope Julius I.
Anatolius of Laodicea, also known as Anatolius of Alexandria, was a Syro-Egyptian saint and Bishop of Laodicea on the Mediterranean coast of Roman Syria in AD 268. He was not only one of the foremost scholars of his day in the physical sciences, as well as in Aristotelian and Platonic philosophies, but also a renowned computist and teacher of the Neoplatonic philosopher Iamblichus.
The Old Testament is the first section of the two-part Christian biblical canon; the second section is the New Testament. The Old Testament includes the books of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) or protocanon, and in various Christian denominations also includes deuterocanonical books. Orthodox Christians, Catholics and Protestants use different canons, which differ with respect to the texts that are included in the Old Testament.
Agapiusof Hierapolis, also called Maḥbūb ibn Qusṭanṭīn, was a Melkite Christian historian and the bishop of Manbij. He wrote a universal history in Arabic, the lengthy Kitāb al-ʿunwān. He was a contemporary of the annalist Eutychius, also a Melkite.
Brut y Brenhinedd is a collection of variant Middle Welsh versions of Geoffrey of Monmouth's Latin Historia Regum Britanniae. About 60 versions survive, with the earliest dating to the mid-13th century. Adaptations of Geoffrey's Historia were extremely popular throughout Western Europe during the Middle Ages, but the Brut proved especially influential in medieval Wales, where it was largely regarded as an accurate account of the early history of the Celtic Britons.
This article chronicles the attested movements of the fourth-century Roman emperors Constantine II, Constantius II, Constans, Gallus, and Julian the Apostate from 337 to 361 AD. It does not cover the imperial usurpers of the period, including Magnentius, Vetranio, Claudius Silvanus, and Poemenius. The chronology is principally derived from Timothy Barnes' Athanasius and Constantius. Substantial additions and further sources are based on recent research that seeks to go beyond Barnes' own chronology and slightly modifying his at a few places.
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of annals in Old English, chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons.
The Dialogue of Timothy and Aquila is a Greek Christian text giving a dialogue, akin to that of Dialogue with Trypho, between Timothy, a Christian, and Aquila, a Jew. The text was earlier thought to date to 200 CE, however recent studies assign a later date, as late as the 6th century.
The Dialogue of Simon and Theophilus is a 5th-century Latin Christian text giving a dialogue, akin to that of Dialogue with Trypho, between Simon, a Jew, and Theophilus, a Christian. The Altercatio is the oldest surviving Jewish-Christian dialogue preserved in Latin. It has been attributed to, and may even be by, Cyprian. The work draws on earlier Greek and Latin traditions.
Pseudo-Crato or Pseudo-Craton is the name given by modern scholarship to a figure named 'Craton' in Book 6 (6.20) of Pseudo-Abdias' ten-volume pseudepigraphical and apocryphal histories of the apostles. It is unclear whether Craton and the work credited to him by Pseudo-Abdias actually existed, or whether this Craton was invented to lend the pseudepigrapha greater legitimacy.
Fortunatianus of Aquileia (c.300-c.370) was an African, Christian poet, and bishop of Aquileia in the mid-fourth century, during the reign of Constantius II.