The Hogere Burgerschool (HBS) (Dutch: Higher Civic School) was a secondary school type that existed between 1863 and 1974 in the Netherlands and the Dutch Empire. These schools, with a five- or sometimes six-year program, continued in 1968 as VWO. The last HBS diplomas were given out in 1974.
The HBS is a mid-19th-century creation by the liberal politician Johan Rudolph Thorbecke, and resulted from the law on secondary education enacted in May 1863. Along with the creation of burgerscholen in each city of more than 10,000 inhabitants, the HBS was intended as a practically oriented education for higher functions in industry and trade. It was explicitly not intended as a sufficient education to enter university. According to historian Hans Verhage the form "hogere-burgerschool" (the hyphen indicating that hogere, "higher", modifies burger, "citizen") is linguistically correct, since it was a schooling system geared toward higher-ranked citizens, and not a higher school for all citizens. [1]
The law called for at least fifteen such (non-denominational) schools; where those would be placed soon became a matter of contention. The most famous of controversies (the H.B.S. kwestie) concerned the province of Limburg, which had only been part of the Netherlands since 1839. Maastricht, Limburg's capital, was the only city with more than 10,000 citizens, but the city refused since it preferred having a municipal rather than a government-run school, which allowed it control over the hiring and firing of teachers. Thorbecke, however, wanted a HBS in Limburg, since that would also strengthen the bonds between the (new) province and the central government: the HBS was to train the new national elite, and could thus aid in nation building. When Maastricht turned the HBS down, Roermond was proposed, where the local clergy feared that a HBS would damage enrollment at the local Catholic college, and the city council hastened to adjudicate the intended buildings to that college. A private letter from Thorbecke demanding the buildings be offered to the HBS was made public, leading to public outcry: at its heart, the conflict touched the special status of denominational education, and an additional source of anger was the government's raising of taxes in the province to bring it in line with taxes in other provinces. The HBS was founded in Roermond in 1864; the following year, Jan Augustus Paredis, bishop of Roermond, published an edict condemning "mixed" schools. [1] [2]
Part of the innovative character of the HBS was that it offered a higher level of education without training in the classical languages (Latin and Greek). Graduating from the HBS did not officially grant access to the university system until 1917, and universities still required a "gymnasium" preparatory training for the humanities; [3] still, the HBS facilitated access to universities in sciences and technology, even if illegally—universities had in fact accepted HBS grads with additional examinations. It was an "illegitimate but tolerated type of pre-university education". [4]
The Dutch East Indies had a number of HBS institutions. There was one in Batavia (founded in 1864, named for William III of the Netherlands [5] ), one in Semarang, [5] and one in Surabaya; the latter is where the later Indonesian president Sukarno received his education and his introduction to Marxism. [6]
Limburg is the southernmost of the twelve provinces of the Netherlands. It is bordered by Gelderland to the north and by North Brabant to its west. Its long eastern boundary forms the international border with the state of North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany. To the west is the international border with the similarly named Belgian province of Limburg, part of which is delineated by the river Meuse. The Vaalserberg is on the extreme southeastern point, marking the tripoint of the Netherlands, Germany and Belgium.
Roermond is a city, municipality, and diocese in the Limburg province of the Netherlands. Roermond is a historically important town on the lower Roer on the east bank of the river Meuse. It received town rights in 1231. Roermond's town centre has become a designated conservation area.
Maastricht University is a public research university in Maastricht, Netherlands. Founded in 1976, it is the second youngest of the thirteen Dutch universities.
Education in Indonesia falls under the responsibility of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology and the Ministry of Religious Affairs. In Indonesia, all citizens must undertake twelve years of compulsory education which consists of six years at elementary level and three each at middle and high school levels. Islamic, Christian and Buddhist schools are under the responsibility of the Ministry of Religious Affairs.
Limburg mijn Vaderland is the official anthem of the two provinces of Limburg, Netherlands Limburg and Belgian Limburg.
HBS may refer to:
Limburg was one of the provinces of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and later Belgium. The province existed for the duration of the United Kingdom, from 1815 to 1830, and for the first years after Belgian independence, from 1830 to 1839. When King William I signed the Treaty of London in 1839, the province was split into a Belgian part and a Dutch part, the latter being a new Duchy of Limburg.
Bernardinuscollege is a school in Heerlen, the Netherlands. The school was founded by Franciscan friars in 1903 as a monastery, that was later converted to a Hogere Burgerschool, because of the need for education in the wake of the blooming mining industry. In September 1913 the first students arrived.
The Meuse–Rhine Euroregion is a Euroregion created in 1976, with judicial status achieved in 1991. It comprises 11.000 km2 and has around 3.9 million inhabitants around the city-corridor of Aachen–Maastricht–Hasselt–Liège. The seat of the region has been in Eupen, Belgium since 1 January 2007. Within a wider context, the region is part of what is called the Blue Banana European urbanisation corridor.
Johan Rudolph Thorbecke was a Dutch liberal statesman, one of the most important Dutch politicians of the 19th century. Thorbecke is best known for heading the commission that drafted the revision of the Constitution of the Netherlands in 1848, amidst the liberal democratic revolutions of 1848. The new constitution transformed the country from an absolute monarchy into a constitutional monarchy, with the States General and the Council of Ministers becoming more powerful than the king. The amended constitution also granted individual rights to residents and citizens of the kingdom. This made the constitution one of the more progressive at the time. Thorbecke is generally considered a founding father of the modern political system of the Netherlands.
The Hoogere Burger School is a former HBS Hogere burgerschool on the Zijlvest, Haarlem, The Netherlands. It was one of the oldest public schools in Haarlem, moved from the Jacobijnestraat and built as a boys school in 1906. It has been converted into apartments.
Lyceum Schöndeln is a secondary school in Roermond, Netherlands. It combines a havo, an atheneum and a gymnasium and incorporates specialisations in both the arts (cultuurprofielschool) and the exact sciences (technasium). The school was formed in 2007 from the merger of the Stedelijk Lyceum and the Bisschoppelijk College Schöndeln.
Loa Sek Hie Sia was a colonial Indonesian politician, parliamentarian and the founding Voorzitter or chairman of the controversial, ethnic-Chinese self-defense force Pao An Tui. He was a Peranakan of Chinese-Indonesian, Austrian and Javanese descent. In his political career, he campaigned against racial discrimination and demanded better healthcare and education for ethnic Chinese in the Dutch East Indies.
Christiaan Willem "Chris" Fokma was a Dutch sculptor and ceramist.
The following is a timeline of the history of the municipality of Maastricht, Netherlands.
Jacob Hiegentlich was a gay Dutch poet of Jewish descent. He committed suicide in 1940, at age 33, days after the German invasion of the Netherlands.
Han Tiauw Tjong Sia (1894–1940), known as Dr. Ir. Han Tiauw Tjong, was a prominent colonial Indonesian politician, engineer, community leader and a member of the influential Han family of Lasem. He sat in the Volksraad of the Dutch East Indies for two terms, and was a founding member of the centre-right political party Chung Hwa Hui. Han also served as a Trustee of the Technische Hoogeschool te Bandoeng from 1924 until 1940.
Joseph William Julian was an English football manager. After his playing career was cut short by injury, he became known for his lengthy stint managing clubs in the Netherlands, including Feyenoord, NAC Breda, NEC, MVV Maastricht and Willem II, among others.
Sijfert Hendrik Koorders was a Dutch botanist, who worked primarily on the flora of Java.
Hollandsch-Inlandsche School (HIS) was a school during the Dutch colonial era in Indonesia. The school, was first established in 1914, following with the enactment of the Dutch Ethical Policy. The school was at the Low Education level or at the level of basic education today. The school was intended for the population of indigenous Indonesian descent. Generally reserved for children from the noble class, prominent figures, or civil servants. The length of the school was seven years.
