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In the political systems of Hong Kong, a functional constituency is a professional or special interest group involved in the electoral process. Eligible voters in a functional constituency may include natural persons as well as other designated legal entities such as organisations and corporations.
The Election Committee is a Hong Kong electoral college, the function of which is to select the Chief Executive (CE) and beginning in 2021 to elect 40 members of the 90 members of the Legislative Council. Established by Annex I of the Basic Law of Hong Kong which states that "the Chief Executive shall be elected by a broadly representative Election Committee in accordance with this Law and appointed by the Central People's Government ." It is formed and performs its selection function once every five years, even in the event of a CE not completing their term. The membership of the Election Committee was expanded to 1,500 under the massive overhaul of the electoral system in 2021. The Election Committee has been criticised for its "small-circle" electoral basis and its composition favouring pro-Beijing and business interests.
The 1995 Hong Kong Legislative Council election for members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (LegCo) was held on 17 September 1995. It was the first, and only, fully elected legislative election in the colonial period before transferring Hong Kong's sovereignty to China two years later. The elections returned 20 members from directly elected geographical constituencies, 30 members from indirectly elected functional constituencies, and 10 members from elections committee constituency who were elected by all District Board members.
The District Council (Second) functional constituency was a functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong which was created in the 2012 constitutional reform package. It was the largest functional constituency consisted of registered voters who were not eligible for voting in the other functional constituencies.
The District Council (First) functional constituency, formerly called District Council until 2012, is a functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. Its electorate consists of all 431 directly elected members of the 18 District Councils of Hong Kong. Along with Catering, it was created in 2000 to replace the Urban Council and Regional Council constituencies after the councils were abolished.
The Transport functional constituency is a functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. 195 electors are only limited to 201 transport associations.
The Heung Yee Kuk functional constituency, formerly called the Rural functional constituency, is a functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong first created in 1991. The constituency is composed of the chairman and vice chairmen of the Heung Yee Kuk and the ex officio, special and co-opted councillors of the full Council of the Kuk. One of the functional constituencies with the fewest electorates, it had only 155 registered voters in 2020. It corresponds to the Heung Yee Kuk Subsector in the Election Committee.
The Social Welfare functional constituency, formerly called Social Services, is a functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. The constituency was first created as one of the original 12 functional constituency seats for the first ever Legislative Council election in 1985.
The Import and Export functional constituency is a functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong first created in 1995 as one of the nine new functional constituencies under the electoral reform carried out by the then Governor Chris Patten, in which the electorate consisted of total 113,241 eligible voters worked related to the import and export industry. It was abolished with the colonial Legislative Council dissolved after the transfer of the sovereignty in 1997.
The Finance functional constituency, formerly called the Financial functional constituency, is a functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong first created in 1985. It was one of the 12 original functional constituency seats created for the first ever Legislative Council election in 1985 and was divided into Finance and Financial Services in 1991. It has the fewest electorates among all constituencies, composing of 114 banks and deposit-taking companies as corporate electors.
The Insurance functional constituency is a functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong first created in 1998. Being of the functional constituencies with fewest electorates, the constituency is restricted to only 126 insurers as of 2021. It corresponds to the Insurance Subsector in the Election Committee.
The Textiles and Garment functional constituency is a functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, first created in 1995 as one of the nine new functional constituencies under the electoral reform, carried out by the then Governor Chris Patten in which the electorate consisted of total 60,568 eligible voters related to the textile and garment industry. It was abolished with the colonial Legislative Council and dissolved after the transfer of the sovereignty in 1997.
The Wholesale and Retail functional constituency is a functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong first created in 1995 as one of the nine new functional constituencies under the electoral reform carried out by the then Governor Chris Patten, in which the electorate consisted of total 101,988 eligible voters worked related to the wholesale and retail industry.
The Catering functional constituency is a functional constituency is in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. It was created for the 2000 Legislative Council election to replace the Urban Council and Regional Council constituencies. The constituency is composed of bodies of several catering associations. It is also corresponding to the Catering Subsector in the Election Committee. Since its creation, it has been held by Liberal Party's Tommy Cheung.
The Election Committee constituency is a constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. It was first created in 1995, re-created with a different composition in 1998 until it was abolished in 2004, and created for the third time in the 2021 electoral overhaul. It is the single largest constituency, taking 40 out of the 90 seats in the Legislative Council.
The Manufacturing functional constituency was in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong first created in 1995 as one of the nine new functional constituencies under the electoral reform carried out by the then Governor Chris Patten, in which the electorate consisted of total 113,957 eligible voters worked related to the manufacturing industry.
The Primary Production, Power and Construction functional constituency was in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong first created for the 1995 LegCo Election as one of the nine new functional constituencies under the electoral reform carried out by the then Governor Chris Patten, in which the electorate consisted of total of 75,174 eligible voters worked related to the agriculture, fisheries, mining, energy and construction sectors.
The Transport and Communication functional constituency was in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong first created in 1995 as one of the nine new functional constituencies under the electoral reform carried out by the then Governor Chris Patten, in which the electorate consisted of total 109,716 eligible voters worked related to the transport and communication industry.
The Financing, Insurance, Real Estate and Business Services functional constituency was in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong first created in 1995 as one of the nine new functional constituencies under the electoral reform carried out by the then Governor Chris Patten, in which the electorate consisted of total 171,534 eligible voters worked in the services sector related to finance, insurance, real estate and business in Hong Kong.
The Community, Social and Personal Services functional constituency was in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong first created in 1995 as one of the nine new functional constituencies under the electoral reform carried out by the then Governor Chris Patten, in which the electorate consisted of total 248,987 eligible voters worked related to the public services, social services and personal services in Hong Kong.
References
- 1 2 Li, Pang-kwong. "香港選舉資料庫". 嶺南大學公共管治研究部. Archived from the original on 6 November 2003. Retrieved 24 March 2013.