Howard Earl Gardner (born July 11, 1943) is an American developmental psychologist and the John H. and Elisabeth A. Hobbs Research Professor of Cognition and Education at Harvard University. He was a founding member of Harvard Project Zero in 1967 and held leadership roles at that research center from 1972 to 2023. Since 1995, he has been the co-director of The Good Project.[1]
Gardner has written hundreds of research articles[2] and over thirty books that have been translated into over thirty languages. He is best known for his theory of multiple intelligences,[3] as outlined in his 1983 book Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences.[1]
Gardner retired from teaching in 2019.[4] In 2020, he published his intellectual memoir A Synthesizing Mind.[5] He continues his research and writing, including several blogs.
Gardner described himself as "a studious child who gained much pleasure from playing the piano".[9] Although Gardner never became a professional pianist, he taught piano intermittently from 1958 to 1969.[2]
Howard Gardner had a brother named Eric who died at age seven in a sledding accident just before Howard's birth.[8] Gardner often reflects on his childhood, his overall Jewish values and the tragic loss of his brother, whom he never got the opportunity to meet. As a young child Gardner enjoyed reading and playing the piano.[3]
Education was of the utmost importance in the Gardner home. While his parents had hoped that he would attend Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, Gardner opted to attend a school closer to his hometown in Pennsylvania, Wyoming Seminary. Gardner had a desire to learn and greatly excelled in school.[10]
Gardner graduated from Harvard College with highest honors in 1965 with a B.A. in Social Relations, and studied under the renowned Erik Erikson.[3] After spending one year at the London School of Economics, where he studied Philosophy and Sociology, he went on to obtain his Ph.D. in developmental psychology at Harvard while working with psychologists Roger Brown and Jerome Bruner, and philosopher Nelson Goodman.[6]
Gardner also attended the Boston University Aphasia Research Center, where he completed a Postdoctoral Fellowship from 1971-1972.[11] Gardner continued to be high achiever throughout his academic life.[3]
Career
Gardner in his earlier years
For his postdoctoral fellowship, Gardner worked alongside neurologist Norman Geschwind and continued his work there for another 20 years.[2] In 1986, Gardner became a professor at the Harvard Graduate School of Education.[11] He has been the Chair of the Project Zero Steering Committee since 1995, and was the Co- Director for Project Zero from 1972- 2000.[11] Gardner has also been Senior Director of the Project Zero Committee since 2000.[11] Gardner is also a part time lecturer at Harvard University in the field of Psychology.[11] Gardner is the John H. and the Elizabeth A. Hobbs Tutor at the Graduate School of Education at Harvard University[12] (Arizona State University, 2022).
Since 1995, much of the focus of his work has been on The GoodWork Project, now part of a larger initiative known as The Good Project that encourages excellence, ethics, and engagement in work, digital life, and civic society.
In 2000, Gardner, Kurt Fischer, and their colleagues at the Harvard Graduate School of Education established the master's degree program in Mind, Brain, and Education. This program was thought to be the first of its kind around the world. Many universities in both the United States and abroad have since developed similar programs. Since then, Gardner has published books on a number of topics including Changing Minds: The Art and Science of Changing Our Own and Other People's Minds, Five Minds for the Future, Truth, Beauty and Goodness Reframed, and The App Generation (written with Katie Davis).[6]
Since 2012, Gardner has been co-directing a major study of higher education in the United States with Wendy Fischman and several other colleagues.[13] Information about the study, including several dozen blogs, is available on Gardner's website.[13] In March 2022, MIT Press published Wendy Fischman and Howard Gardner's book The Real World of College: What Higher Education Is and What It Can Be.[14]
At the start of 2024, Gardner was the most cited Educational Scholar in the United States, according to the Edu-Scholar Public Influence Ratings.[15]
In 2024, Teachers College Press published two collections of Gardner’s papers: The Essential Howard Gardner on Education and The Essential Howard Gardner on Mind.[16]
Theory and criticism
According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, humans have several different ways of processing information, and these ways are relatively independent of one another. The theory is a critique of the standard intelligence theory, which emphasizes the correlation among abilities, as well as traditional measures like IQ tests that typically only account for linguistic, logical, and spatial abilities. Since 1999, Gardner has identified eight intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily/kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic.[17] Gardner and colleagues have also considered two additional intelligences, existential and pedagogical.[18][19] Many teachers, school administrators, and special educators have been inspired by Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.[20]
Gardner's definition of intelligence has been met with some criticism in education circles[21] as well as in the field of psychology. Perhaps the strongest and most enduring critique of his theory of multiple intelligences centers on its lack of empirical evidence, much of which points to a single construct of intelligence called "g".[22] Gardner has responded that his theory is based entirely on empirical evidence as opposed to experimental evidence, as he does not believe experimental evidence in itself can yield a theoretical synthesis.[23][24]
Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences can be seen as both a departure from and a continuation of the 20th century's work on the subject of human intelligence. Other prominent psychologists whose contributions variously developed or expanded the field of study include Charles Spearman, Louis Thurstone, Edward Thorndike, and Robert Sternberg.
In 1967, Professor Nelson Goodman started an educational program called Project Zero at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, which began with a focus in arts education and now spans a wide variety of educational arenas.[25] Howard Gardner and David Perkins were founding Research Assistants and later Co-Directed Project Zero from 1972 to 2000. Project Zero's mission is to understand and enhance learning, thinking, and creativity in the arts, as well as a broad range of humanistic and scientific disciplines at the individual and institutional levels.[26]
For over two decades, in collaboration with William Damon, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, and several other colleagues, Gardner has been directing research at The Good Project on the nature of good work, good play, and good collaboration. The goal of his research is to determine what it means to achieve work that is at once excellent, engaging, and carried out in an ethical way. With colleagues Lynn Barendsen, Courtney Bither, Shelby Clark, Wendy Fischman, Carrie James, Kirsten McHugh, and Danny Mucinskas, Gardner has developed curricular toolkits on these topics for use in educational and professional circles.[27]
The link between Multiple Intelligences and how it shapes Instructional Design in classrooms
Howard Earl Gardner posited the theory of multiple intelligences (MI) in 1983 at the Harvard Graduate School of Education at the University[28]. Gardner's work in psychology and cognitive development led to his curiosity in exploring this prominent theory. Earlier in designing his theory, he proposed that there were seven intelligences, however since then, he has added an eighth (naturalist intelligence), and even posited two additional intelligences (existential and pedagogical). Multiple intelligences theory can be used in the classroom as one approach to designing curricula.
All human beings possess the eight posited intelligences, but they differ in the relative strength of each intelligence, and the extent to which they draw on one or more intelligences to solve problems, or to create products.
Gardner has stated, "there should be no confusion between the intelligences and learning styles as they are not the same, teachers should use numerous strategies and methods within the classroom environment, so that students can understand concepts".[29] He posited that there was not enough research to prove that when students are paired with their learning style they will learn. He opined that since persons process information differently, the intelligences can aid practitioners in preparing plans which caters to the needs of the different students in the classroom.[29]
Many classrooms have incorporated Gardner's theory into their curricula as evidence has shown how useful his theory is with instructional design.[30]
Achievements and awards
In 1981 Gardner was the recipient of a MacArthur Prize Fellowship. In 1990 he became the first American to receive the University of LouisvilleGrawemeyer Award in Education.[31] In 1985, The National Psychology Awards for Excellence in the Media, awarded Gardner The Book Award for Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences.[32] In 1987, he received the William James Award from the American Psychological Association.[33] SUNY Plattsburgh inducted Gardner selected Gardner for honoris causa membership in Omicron Delta Kappa in 1998. In 1999, Gardner received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.[34] In 2000 he received a fellowship from the John S. Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. Four years later he was named an Honorary Professor at East China Normal University in Shanghai. In the years 2005 and 2008 he was selected by Foreign Policy and Prospect magazines as one of the top 100 most influential public intellectuals in the world.[35] In 2011, he won the Prince of Asturias Award in Social Sciences for his development of multiple intelligences theory.[35] In 2015, he received the Brock International Prize in Education.[36] In 2020, Gardner received the Distinguished Contributions to Research in Education Award from the American Education Research Association.[37]
In 1982, Howard Gardner married Ellen Winner, Professor Emerita of Psychology at Boston College. They have one child, Benjamin. Gardner has three children from an earlier marriage: Kerith (1969), Jay (1971), and Andrew (1976); and five grandchildren: Oscar (2005), Agnes (2011), Olivia (2015), Faye Marguerite (2016), and August Pierre (2019).[9]
Gardner loves to spend time with his family as well as to travel.[7]
Publications
Howard Gardner has published more than 30 books, many of which have been translated into different languages. For a full list of his publications, visit his website where you can view his CV[40].
References
1 2 Gordon, Lynn Melby. "Gardner, Howard (1943–)." Encyclopedia of Human Development. Ed. Neil J. Salkind. Vol. 2. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Reference, 2006. 552-553. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. October 27, 2014.
1 2 3 Doorey, Marie (2001). "Gardner, Howard Earl". In Bonnie R. Strickland (ed.). The Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology (2nded.). Detroit, MI: Gale Group. pp.272–273, 699. ISBN978-0-7876-4786-5. Retrieved December 7, 2014. a part of the Gale Virtual Reference Library.
↑ Webber, Jacob. "Gardner, Howard." Encyclopedia of the History of Psychological Theories. Ed. Robert W. Rieber. Vol. 1. New York: Springer, 2012. 464-465. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. December 10, 2014.
↑ Gordon, Lynn Melby. "Gardner, Howard (1943–)." Encyclopedia of Human Development. Ed. Neil J. Salkind. Vol. 2. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Reference, 2006. 552-553. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. December 8, 2014.
↑ Gardner, Howard (2006). "On failing to grasp the core of MI theory: A response to Visser et al". Intelligence. 34 (5): 503–505. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2006.04.002.
↑ Gardner, Howard; Moran, Seana (2006). "The science of multiple intelligences theory: A response to Lynn Waterhouse". Educational Psychologist. 41 (4): 227–232. doi:10.1207/s15326985ep4104_2. S2CID15751192.
Howard Gardner (2006). Schaler, Jeffrey A. (ed.). "A Blessing of Influences" in Howard Gardner Under Fire. Illinois: Open Court. ISBN978-0-8126-9604-2.
Gordon, L. M. (2006). Howard Gardner. "The encyclopedia of human development." Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2, 552–553.
Gardner, Howard (2011). Truth, beauty, and goodness reframed: Educating for the virtues in the 21st century. New York: Basic Books.
Gardner, H.; Davis, K. (2013). The App Generation: How Today's Youth Navigate Identity, Intimacy, and Imagination in a Digital World. Yale University Press. ISBN9780300196214.
Schneider, Jack (2014). From the Ivory Tower to the Schoolhouse: How Scholarship Becomes Common Knowledge in Education. Harvard Education Press. ISBN978-1612506692.
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