IGHM

IGHM
Identifiers
Aliases	IGHM , AGM1, MU, VH, immunoglobulin heavy constant mu
External IDs	OMIM: 147020 GeneCards: IGHM
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 14 (human)
End	105,856,218 bp
Orthologs
	3507
	n/a
	ENSG00000211899
	n/a
	n ; a
	n/a
	n/a
	n/a
	n/a
	n/a
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Last updated June 22, 2023

IGHM dimer, Human 2ql1.jpg — IGHM dimer, Human

Ig mu chain C region is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGHM gene.^[3]^[4]

It is associated with agammaglobulinemia-1.

Related Research Articles

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is one of several isotypes of antibody that are produced by vertebrates. IgM is the largest antibody, and it is the first antibody to appear in the response to initial exposure to an antigen. In humans and other mammals that have been studied, plasmablasts residing in the spleen are the main source for specific IgM production.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Immunoglobulin heavy chain</span> Large polypeptide subunit of an antibody

The immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) is the large polypeptide subunit of an antibody (immunoglobulin). In human genome, the IgH gene loci are on chromosome 14.

V(D)J recombination is the mechanism of somatic recombination that occurs only in developing lymphocytes during the early stages of T and B cell maturation. It results in the highly diverse repertoire of antibodies/immunoglobulins and T cell receptors (TCRs) found in B cells and T cells, respectively. The process is a defining feature of the adaptive immune system.

Fc fragment of IgE, high affinity I, receptor for; alpha polypeptide, also known as FCER1A, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the FCER1A gene.

Interferon beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IFNB1 gene. The natural and recombinant protein forms have antiviral, antibacterial, and anticancer properties.

Histone H2A.Z is a protein that in humans is encoded by the H2AZ1 gene.

Histones are basic nuclear proteins that are responsible for the nucleosome structure of the chromosomal fiber in eukaryotes. Nucleosomes consist of approximately 146 bp of DNA wrapped around a histone octamer composed of pairs of each of the four core histones. The chromatin fiber is further compacted through the interaction of a linker histone, H1, with the DNA between the nucleosomes to form higher order chromatin structures. The H2AFZ gene encodes a replication-independent member of the histone H2A family that is distinct from other members of the family. Studies in mice have shown that this particular histone is required for embryonic development and indicate that lack of functional histone H2A leads to embryonic lethality.

60S ribosomal protein L40 (RPL40) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UBA52 gene.

Immunoglobulin kappa constant, also known as IGKC, is a human gene that encodes the constant domain of kappa-type light chains for antibodies. It is found on chromosome 2, in humans, within the Immunoglobulin kappa locus, IGK@.

Immunoglobulin lambda-like polypeptide 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGLL1 gene. IGLL1 has also recently been designated CD179B.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IGHG1</span>

Ig gamma-1 chain C region is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGHG1 gene.

Immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1 is a immunoglobulin gene with symbol IGHA1. It encodes a constant (C) segment of Immunoglobulin A heavy chain. Immunoglobulin A is an antibody that plays a critical role in immune function in the mucous membranes. IgA shows the same typical structure of other antibody classes, with two heavy chains and two light chains, and four distinct domains: one variable region, and three variable regions. As a major class of immunoglobulin in body secretions, IgA plays a role in defending against infection, as well as preventing the access of foreign antigens to the immunologic system.

Immunoglobulin heavy locus, also known as IGH, is a region on human chromosome 14 that contains a gene for the heavy chains of human antibodies.

Ig delta chain C region is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGHD gene.

Ig epsilon chain C region is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGHE gene.

Ig gamma-2 chain C region is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGHG2 gene.

Immunoglobulin lambda locus, also known as IGL@, is a region on the q arm of human chromosome 22, region 11.22 (22q11.22) that contains genes for the lambda light chains of antibodies.

Immunoglobulin iota chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VPREB1 gene. VPREB1 has also recently been designated CD179A.

Ig heavy chain V-III region VH26 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGHV@ gene.

Ig gamma-3 chain C region is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGHG3 gene.

Somatic hypermutation is a cellular mechanism by which the immune system adapts to the new foreign elements that confront it, as seen during class switching. A major component of the process of affinity maturation, SHM diversifies B cell receptors used to recognize foreign elements (antigens) and allows the immune system to adapt its response to new threats during the lifetime of an organism. Somatic hypermutation involves a programmed process of mutation affecting the variable regions of immunoglobulin genes. Unlike germline mutation, SHM affects only an organism's individual immune cells, and the mutations are not transmitted to the organism's offspring. Because this mechanism is merely selective and not precisely targeted, somatic hypermutation has been strongly implicated in the development of B-cell lymphomas and many other cancers.

References

1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000211899 - Ensembl, May 2017
↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
↑ Friedlander RM, Nussenzweig MC, Leder P (Sep 1990). "Complete nucleotide sequence of the membrane form of the human IgM heavy chain". Nucleic Acids Res. 18 (14): 4278. doi:10.1093/nar/18.14.4278. PMC 331217 . PMID 2115996.
↑ "Entrez Gene: IGHM immunoglobulin heavy constant mu".

Kristensen T, Lopez R, Prydz H (1992). "An estimate of the sequencing error frequency in the DNA sequence databases". DNA Seq. 2 (6): 343–6. doi:10.3109/10425179209020815. PMID 1446073.
Frutiger S, Hughes GJ, Paquet N, et al. (1993). "Disulfide bond assignment in human J chain and its covalent pairing with immunoglobulin M.". Biochemistry. 31 (50): 12643–7. doi:10.1021/bi00165a014. PMID 1472500.
Neale GA, Kitchingman GR (1991). "mRNA transcripts initiating within the human immunoglobulin mu heavy chain enhancer region contain a non-translatable exon and are extremely heterogeneous at the 5' end". Nucleic Acids Res. 19 (9): 2427–33. doi:10.1093/nar/19.9.2427. PMC 329453 . PMID 1904154.
Tsubata T, Reth M (1990). "The products of pre-B cell-specific genes (lambda 5 and VpreB) and the immunoglobulin mu chain form a complex that is transported onto the cell surface". J. Exp. Med. 172 (3): 973–6. doi:10.1084/jem.172.3.973. PMC 2188549 . PMID 2117639.
Dorai H, Gillies SD (1989). "The complete nucleotide sequence of a human immunoglobulin genomic C mu gene". Nucleic Acids Res. 17 (15): 6412. doi:10.1093/nar/17.15.6412. PMC 318311 . PMID 2505237.
Pollok BA, Anker R, Eldridge P, et al. (1988). "Molecular basis of the cell-surface expression of immunoglobulin mu chain without light chain in human B lymphocytes". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84 (24): 9199–203. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.24.9199 . PMC 299720 . PMID 3122216.
Putnam FW, Florent G, Paul C, et al. (1973). "Complete amino acid sequence of the Mu heavy chain of a human IgM immunoglobulin". Science. 182 (4109): 287–91. Bibcode:1973Sci...182..287P. doi:10.1126/science.182.4109.287. PMID 4742735. S2CID 30803888.
Watanabe S, Barnikol HU, Horn J, et al. (1975). "[The primary structure of a monoclonal IgM-immunoglobulin (macroglobulin Gal.), II: the amino acid sequence of the H-chain (mu-type), subgroup H III. Architecture of the complete IgM-molecule (author's transl)]". Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. 354 (10–11): 1505–9. PMID 4803843.
Mihaesco E, Barnikol-Watanabe S, Barnikol HU, et al. (1981). "The primary structure of the constant part of mu-chain-disease protein BOT". Eur. J. Biochem. 111 (1): 275–86. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb06103.x . PMID 6777162.
Dolby TW, Devuono J, Croce CM (1981). "Cloning and partial nucleotide sequence of human immunoglobulin mu chain cDNA from B cells and mouse-human hybridomas". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77 (10): 6027–31. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.10.6027 . PMC 350206 . PMID 6777778.
Rabbitts TH, Forster A, Milstein CP (1982). "Human immunoglobulin heavy chain genes: evolutionary comparisons of C mu, C delta and C gamma genes and associated switch sequences". Nucleic Acids Res. 9 (18): 4509–24. doi:10.1093/nar/9.18.4509. PMC 327454 . PMID 6795593.
Ohnishi K, Takemori T (1994). "Molecular components and assembly of mu.surrogate light chain complexes in pre-B cell lines". J. Biol. Chem. 269 (45): 28347–53. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)46934-7 . PMID 7961773.
Harindranath N, Donadel G, Sigounas G, Notkins AL (1993). "Comparison of complete nucleotide sequence of the human IgM heavy chain constant region of polyreactive and monoreactive antibodies". Mol. Immunol. 30 (1): 111–2. doi:10.1016/0161-5890(93)90434-D. PMID 8417370.
Donohoe ME, Blomberg BB (1997). "The 14.1 surrogate light chain promoter has lineage- and stage-restricted activity". J. Immunol. 158 (4): 1681–91. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.158.4.1681. PMID 9029104. S2CID 29592657.
Li Q, Santini R, Rosenspire AR (1998). "Glycosylated extracellular domains of membrane immunoglobulin M contribute to its association with mb-1/B29 gene products and the B cell receptor complex". Immunol. Invest. 27 (1–2): 57–72. doi:10.3109/08820139809070890. PMID 9561918.
Paterson T, Innes J, McMillan L, et al. (1998). "Variation in IgG1 heavy chain allotype does not contribute to differences in biological activity of two human anti-Rhesus (D) monoclonal antibodies". Immunotechnology. 4 (1): 37–47. doi:10.1016/S1380-2933(98)00005-0. PMID 9661813.
Fang T, Smith BP, Roman CA (2001). "Conventional and surrogate light chains differentially regulate Ig mu and Dmu heavy chain maturation and surface expression". J. Immunol. 167 (7): 3846–57. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.7.3846 . PMID 11564802.
Taylor BJ, Pittman JA, Seeberger K, et al. (2002). "Intraclonal homogeneity of clonotypic immunoglobulin M and diversity of nonclinical post-switch isotypes in multiple myeloma: insights into the evolution of the myeloma clone". Clin. Cancer Res. 8 (2): 502–13. PMID 11839670.
Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi: 10.1073/pnas.242603899 . PMC 139241 . PMID 12477932.

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[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000211899 - Ensembl, May 2017

[2] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[pmid2115996-3] Friedlander RM, Nussenzweig MC, Leder P (Sep 1990). "Complete nucleotide sequence of the membrane form of the human IgM heavy chain". Nucleic Acids Res. 18 (14): 4278. doi:10.1093/nar/18.14.4278. PMC 331217 . PMID 2115996.

[entrez-4] "Entrez Gene: IGHM immunoglobulin heavy constant mu".

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

v t e Antibodies
Main types	IgA IgD IgE IgG IgM IgY
Chains	Light chain IGK@ IGL@ surrogate IGLL1 Heavy chain IGH@ IGHM Heavy-chain antibody/IgNAR

IGHM

Related Research Articles

References

Further reading