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A kharja or kharjah, is the final refrain of a muwashshah, a lyric genre of al-Andalus written in Arabic or Andalusi Romance ("Mozárabic").
Al-Andalus was the Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian Peninsula. The name describes the different Muslim states that controlled these territories at various times between 711 and 1492. At its greatest geographical extent, it occupied most of the peninsula as well as Septimania under Umayyad rule. These boundaries changed constantly through a series of conquests Western historiography has traditionally characterized as the Reconquista, eventually shrinking to the south and finally to the Emirate of Granada.
Andalusi Romance, also called Mozarabic or Ajami, refers to the varieties of Ibero-Romance that developed in Al-Andalus, the parts of the medieval Iberian Peninsula under Islamic control. Romance, or vernacular Late Latin, was the common tongue for the great majority of the Iberian population at the time of the Umayyad conquest in the early eighth century, but over the following centuries, it was gradually superseded by Andalusi Arabic as the main spoken language in the Muslim-controlled south. At the same time, as the northern Christian kingdoms pushed south into Al-Andalus, their respective Romance varieties gained ground at the expense of Andalusi Romance as well as Arabic. The final extinction of the former may be estimated to 1300 CE.
Al-Hakam II, also known as Abū al-ʿĀṣ al-Mustanṣir bi-Llāh al-Hakam b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, was the Caliph of Córdoba. He was the second Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba in Al-Andalus, and son of Abd-al-Rahman III and Murjan. He ruled from 961 to 976.
Ibn Ṭufayl was an Arab Andalusian Muslim polymath: a writer, Islamic philosopher, Islamic theologian, physician, astronomer, and vizier.
Abu al-Qasim Maslama ibn Ahmad al-Majriti, known or Latin as Methilem, was a Muslim Arab astronomer, alchemist, mathematician, economist and Scholar in al-Andalus, active during the reign of Al-Hakam II. His full name is Abu 'l-Qāsim Maslama ibn Aḥmad al-Faraḍī al-Ḥāsib al-Maj̲rīṭī al-Qurṭubī al-Andalusī.
Miguel Asín Palacios was a Spanish scholar of Islamic studies and the Arabic language, and a Roman Catholic priest. He is primarily known for suggesting Muslim sources for ideas and motifs present in Dante's Divine Comedy, which he discusses in his book La Escatología musulmana en la Divina Comedia (1919). He wrote on medieval Islam, extensively on al-Ghazali. A major book El Islam cristianizado (1931) presents a study of Sufism through the works of Muhyiddin ibn 'Arabi of Murcia in Andalusia. Asín also published other comparative articles regarding certain Islamic influences on Christianity and on mysticism in Spain.
Julián Ribera y Tarragó was a Spanish Arabist and academic.
Ibn Baqi or Abu Bakr Yahya Ibn Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Rahman Ibn Baqi was an Arab poet from Córdoba or Toledo in al-Andalus. Baqi is one of the best-known strophic poets and songwriters of Al-Andalus. He moved between Morocco and Al-Andalus and wrote several poems honoring members of a Moroccan family, the Banu Asara, qadis of Salé. He is especially famous for his muwashshahat. A considerable number of his poems are in the anthology of Al-Maqqari.
Abu l-Hassan ibn al-Khabbaza was a qadi, historian and poet active during the reign of the Almohad Sultan Abu al-Ala Idris al-Mamun in Seville, al-Andalus and Marrakesh, Morocco.
Abu l-`Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Shuayb al-Kirjani, known as Ibn Shuayb or Ibn Suhayb was a Moroccan scholar of medicine, alchemy, botany, astronomy, mathematics, a poet, and the chancellor of the Marinid sultan Abu al Hassan. He was born in Taza, and died in Tunis.
Ibn al-Qūṭiyya, born Muḥammad Ibn ʿUmar Ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn ʾIbrāhīm ibn ʿIsā ibn Muzāḥim, also known as Abu Bakr or al-Qurtubi, was an Andalusian historian and considered the greatest philologist at the Umayyad court of caliph Al-Hakam II. His magnum opus, the History of the Conquest of al-Andalus, is one of the earliest Arabic Muslim accounts of the Islamic conquest of Spain.
Biblioteca de al-Andalus is a standard encyclopaedia of the academic discipline of Al-Andalus studies. It embraces articles on various aspects of cultural life in Al-Andalus, through the biographies of around 2400 authors and a detailed study of over 10000 texts, focused on different fields of knowledge. It is the first reference work published by the Fundación Ibn Tufayl de Estudios Árabes within the Al-Andalus Culture Encyclopaedia project.
Felipe Maíllo Salgado. Philologist, historian and Spanish Novelist. Professor of Arabic and Islamic Studies at Salamanca University, accredited as Professor by the Spanish University Council in 2008. Awarded the "María de Maeztu" prize to research excellence by Salamanca University, in 2010.
Nazhūn bint al-Qulāʽiya al-Gharnātiya was a Granadan Qiyan and poet, noted for her outrageous verse.
Francisco Codera y Zaidín was a Spanish historian, philologist and Arabist scholar. Among his students, known in the academic field as the Beni Codera, were Arabists Rafael Altamira and José Deleito.
Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāḥ ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Sīd al-Baṭalyawsī (1052–1127), also spelled Ibn Assīd or Abenasid, was an Andalusian grammarian and philosopher. He is the earliest Islamic philosopher from the West whose works have survived.
Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Yūsuf ibn Saʿāda al-Mursī (1103–1170) was an Andalusī Muslim judge and scholar with Ṣūfī tendencies.
Ṣafwān ibn Idrīs or Abū Baḥr al-Tujībī (1164/6–1202), full name Abū Baḥr Ṣafwān ibn Idrīs ibn Ibrāhīm ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿĪsā ibn Idrīs al-Tujībī al-Mursī al-Kātib, was a Muslim traditionist and adīb from al-Andalus (Spain) who wrote poetry in Arabic under the Almohads.
Mayte Penelas is a historian and philologist. She specialises in codicology, history and historiography in al-Andalus. She is Director of the Escuela de Estudios Árabes at the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas at Granada, Andalucía.
References
- ↑ "Sociedad Española de Estudios Árabes - Fundaciones". Sociedad Española de Estudios Árabes. Retrieved 2010-07-15.
- ↑ "Fundación Ibn Tufayl - FAQ". Fundación Ibn Tufayl de Estudios Árabes. Retrieved 2010-07-15.
