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The limbic system, also known as the paleomammalian cortex, is a set of brain structures located on both sides of the thalamus, immediately beneath the medial temporal lobe of the cerebrum primarily in the forebrain.
The parietal lobe is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain of mammals. The parietal lobe is positioned above the temporal lobe and behind the frontal lobe and central sulcus.
The temporal lobe is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain of mammals. The temporal lobe is located beneath the lateral fissure on both cerebral hemispheres of the mammalian brain.
Brodmann area 10 is the anterior-most portion of the prefrontal cortex in the human brain. BA10 was originally defined broadly in terms of its cytoarchitectonic traits as they were observed in the brains of cadavers, but because modern functional imaging cannot precisely identify these boundaries, the terms anterior prefrontal cortex, rostral prefrontal cortex and frontopolar prefrontal cortex are used to refer to the area in the most anterior part of the frontal cortex that approximately covers BA10—simply to emphasize the fact that BA10 does not include all parts of the prefrontal cortex.
In neurology, anterograde amnesia is the inability to create new memories after an event that caused amnesia, leading to a partial or complete inability to recall the recent past, while long-term memories from before the event remain intact. This is in contrast to retrograde amnesia, where memories created prior to the event are lost while new memories can still be created. Both can occur together in the same patient. To a large degree, anterograde amnesia remains a mysterious ailment because the precise mechanism of storing memories is not yet well understood, although it is known that the regions of the brain involved are certain sites in the temporal cortex, especially in the hippocampus and nearby subcortical regions.
Semantic memory refers to general world knowledge that humans have accumulated throughout their lives. This general knowledge is intertwined in experience and dependent on culture. New concepts are learned by applying knowledge learned from things in the past.
Brodmann area 38, also BA38 or temporopolar area 38 (H), is part of the temporal cortex in the human brain. BA 38 is at the anterior end of the temporal lobe, known as the temporal pole.
The fornix is a C-shaped bundle of nerve fibers in the brain that acts as the major output tract of the hippocampus. The fornix also carries some afferent fibers to the hippocampus from structures in the diencephalon and basal forebrain. The fornix is part of the limbic system. While its exact function and importance in the physiology of the brain are still not entirely clear, it has been demonstrated in humans that surgical transection—the cutting of the fornix along its body—can cause memory loss. There is some debate over what type of memory is affected by this damage, but it has been found to most closely correlate with recall memory rather than recognition memory. This means that damage to the fornix can cause difficulty in recalling long-term information such as details of past events, but it has little effect on the ability to recognize objects or familiar situations.
Episodic memory is the memory of everyday events that can be explicitly stated or conjured. It is the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at particular times and places; for example, the party on one's 7th birthday. Along with semantic memory, it comprises the category of explicit memory, one of the two major divisions of long-term memory.
The angular gyrus is a region of the brain lying mainly in the posteroinferior region of the parietal lobe, occupying the posterior part of the inferior parietal lobule. It represents the Brodmann area 39.
In psycholinguistics, language processing refers to the way humans use words to communicate ideas and feelings, and how such communications are processed and understood. Language processing is considered to be a uniquely human ability that is not produced with the same grammatical understanding or systematicity in even human's closest primate relatives.
Semantic dementia (SD), also known as semantic variant primary progressive aphasia (svPPA), is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of semantic memory in both the verbal and non-verbal domains. However, the most common presenting symptoms are in the verbal domain. Semantic dementia is a disorder of semantic memory that causes patients to lose the ability to match words or images to their meanings. However, it is fairly rare for patients with semantic dementia to develop category specific impairments, though there have been documented cases of it occurring. Typically, a more generalized semantic impairment results from dimmed semantic representations in the brain.
The superior parietal lobule is bounded in front by the upper part of the postcentral sulcus, but is usually connected with the postcentral gyrus above the end of the sulcus. The superior parietal lobule contains Brodmann's areas 5 and 7.
The uncinate fasciculus is a white matter association tract in the human brain that connects parts of the limbic system such as the temporal pole, anterior parahippocampus, and amygdala in the temporal lobe with inferior portions of the frontal lobe such as the orbitofrontal cortex. Its function is unknown though it is affected in several psychiatric conditions. It is one of the last white matter tracts to mature in the human brain.
Repetition priming refers to improvements in a behavioural response when stimuli are repeatedly presented. The improvements can be measured in terms of accuracy or reaction time and can occur when the repeated stimuli are either identical or similar to previous stimuli. These improvements have been shown to be cumulative, so as the number of repetitions increases the responses get continually faster up to a maximum of around seven repetitions. These improvements are also found when the repeated items are changed slightly in terms of orientation, size and position. The size of the effect is also modulated by the length of time the item is presented for and the length time between the first and subsequent presentations of the repeated items.
The superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) is an association tract in the brain that is composed of three separate components. It is present in both hemispheres and can be found lateral to the centrum semiovale and connects the frontal, occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes. This bundle of tracts (fasciculus) passes from the frontal lobe through the operculum to the posterior end of the lateral sulcus where they either radiate to and synapse on neurons in the occipital lobe, or turn downward and forward around the putamen and then radiate to and synapse on neurons in anterior portions of the temporal lobe.
The inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF) is traditionally considered one of the major occipitotemporal association tracts. It is the white matter backbone of the ventral visual stream. It connects the ventral surface of the anterior temporal lobe and the extrastriate cortex of the occipital lobe, running along the lateral and inferior wall of the lateral ventricle.
The posterior parietal cortex plays an important role in planned movements, spatial reasoning, and attention.
The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is a cortical area in the brain comprising Brodmann areas 29 and 30. It is secondary association cortex, making connections with numerous other brain regions. The region's name refers to its anatomical location immediately behind the splenium of the corpus callosum in primates, although in rodents it is located more towards the brain surface and is relatively larger. Its function is currently not well understood, but its location close to visual areas and also to the hippocampal spatial/memory system suggest it may have a role in mediating between perceptual and memory functions, particularly in the spatial domain. However, its exact contribution to either space or memory processing has been hard to pin down.
Recognition memory, a subcategory of explicit memory, is the ability to recognize previously encountered events, objects, or people. When the previously experienced event is reexperienced, this environmental content is matched to stored memory representations, eliciting matching signals. As first established by psychology experiments in the 1970s, recognition memory for pictures is quite remarkable: humans can remember thousands of images at high accuracy after seeing each only once and only for a few seconds.
References
- ↑ Temple College of Liberal Arts
- ↑ Helmreich, Dana L.; EJN Diversity Initiative (2017). "Profiles of women in science: Prof. Ingrid Olson of Temple University". European Journal of Neuroscience. 46 (12): 2793–2794. doi:10.1111/ejn.13775. PMID 29127735.
- ↑ Olson, I. R. (2001). "Contextual guidance of attention: Human intracranial event-related potential evidence for feedback modulation in anatomically early temporally late stages of visual processing". Brain. 124 (7): 1417–1425. doi: 10.1093/brain/124.7.1417 . PMID 11408336.
- ↑ Organization of visual short-term memory Y Jiang, IR Olson, MM Chun Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, memory, and cognition 26 (3), 683
- ↑ Olson, Ingrid R.; Page, Katie; Moore, Katherine Sledge; Chatterjee, Anjan; Verfaellie, Mieke (2006). "Working Memory for Conjunctions Relies on the Medial Temporal Lobe". Journal of Neuroscience. 26 (17): 4596–4601. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1923-05.2006 . PMC 1764465 . PMID 16641239.
- ↑ Wang, Yin; Collins, Jessica A.; Koski, Jessica; Nugiel, Tehila; Metoki, Athanasia; Olson, Ingrid R. (2017). "Dynamic neural architecture for social knowledge retrieval". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (16): E3305–E3314. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1621234114 . ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5402457 . PMID 28289200.
- ↑ Ross, Lars A.; McCoy, David; Coslett, H. Branch; Olson, Ingrid R.; Wolk, David A. (2011). "Improved Proper Name Recall in Aging after Electrical Stimulation of the Anterior Temporal Lobes" (PDF). Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 3: 16. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2011.00016 . PMC 3191456 . PMID 22016735.
- ↑ Hoffman, Linda J; Ngo, Chi T; Canada, Kelsey L; Pasternak, Ofer; Zhang, Fan; Riggins, Tracy; Olson, Ingrid R (2022). "The fornix supports episodic memory during childhood". Cerebral Cortex. 32 (23): 5388–5403. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhac022 . PMC 9712741 . PMID 35169831.
- ↑ Metoki, Athanasia; Alm, Kylie H.; Wang, Yin; Ngo, Chi T.; Olson, Ingrid R. (2017). "Never forget a name: white matter connectivity predicts person memory". Brain Structure & Function. 222 (9): 4187–4201. doi:10.1007/s00429-017-1458-3. PMC 5884066 . PMID 28646241.
- ↑ Multimodal mapping of the face connectome Y Wang, A Metoki, DV Smith, JD Medaglia, Y Zang, S Benear, H Popal, IR Olson. Nature human behaviour 4 (4), 397-411
- ↑ Metoki, Athanasia; Wang, Yin; Olson, Ingrid R (2022). "The Social Cerebellum: A Large-Scale Investigation of Functional and Structural Specificity and Connectivity". Cerebral Cortex. 32 (5): 987–1003. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhab260 . ISSN 1047-3211. PMC 8890001 . PMID 34428293.
- ↑ Von Der Heide, Rebecca J.; Skipper, Laura M.; Klobusicky, Elizabeth; Olson, Ingrid R. (2013). "Dissecting the uncinate fasciculus: disorders, controversies and a hypothesis". Brain. 136 (6): 1692–1707. doi: 10.1093/brain/awt094 . ISSN 1460-2156. PMC 3673595 . PMID 23649697.
