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China News Service is the second largest state news agency in China, after Xinhua News Agency. China News Service was formerly run by the Overseas Chinese Affairs Office, which was absorbed into the United Front Work Department of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 2018. Its operations have traditionally been directed at overseas Chinese worldwide and residents of Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan.
The United Front Work Department is a department of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) tasked with "united front work". It gathers intelligence on, manages relations with, and attempts to gain influence over elite individuals and organizations inside and outside mainland China, including in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and in other countries.
The Ministry of State Security is the principal civilian intelligence, security and secret police agency of the People's Republic of China, responsible for foreign intelligence, counterintelligence, and the political security of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). One of the largest and most secretive intelligence organizations in the world, it is headquartered in the Haidian District of Beijing, with powerful semi-autonomous branches at the provincial, city, municipality and township levels throughout China.
The 1972 visit by United States president Richard Nixon to the People's Republic of China was an important strategic and diplomatic overture that marked the culmination of the Nixon administration's establishment of relations between the United States of America and the People's Republic of China after years of American diplomatic policy that favored the Republic of China in Taiwan. The seven-day official visit to three Chinese cities was the first time a U.S. president had visited the PRC; Nixon's arrival in Beijing ended 25 years of no communication or diplomatic ties between the two countries and was the key step in normalizing relations between the U.S. and the PRC. Nixon visited the PRC to gain more leverage over relations with the Soviet Union, following the Sino-Soviet split. The normalization of ties culminated in 1979, when the U.S. established full diplomatic relations with the PRC.
The united front is a political strategy of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) involving networks of groups and key individuals that are influenced or controlled by the CCP and used to advance its interests. It has historically been a popular front that has included eight legally permitted political parties and people's organizations which have nominal representation in the National People's Congress and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC). Under CCP general secretary Xi Jinping, the united front and its targets of influence have expanded in size and scope.
Wang Huiyao, also known as Henry Wang, is the founder and president of Center for China and Globalization (CCG), a think tank in China. Wang plays multiple policy advisory roles in China, as a counselor for the State Council appointed by Premier Li Keqiang in 2015, and honorable vice chairman of China Association for International Economic Cooperation (CAIEC) under the Ministry of Commerce.
The Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries (CPAFFC) is one of the major foreign affairs organizations of the People's Republic of China. The organization is officially termed a "people's organization" and manages China's sister city relationships. Its stated aim is to promote friendship and mutual understanding between the Chinese people and foreign nations but observers have pointed out that it functions as a front organization in the united front system used to influence and co-opt elites to promote the interests of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) while downplaying its association with the CCP.
The Center for China and Globalization (CCG) is a Chinese think tank based in Beijing. It is registered as a non-governmental organization, though its independence from the Chinese Communist Party has been disputed. It also occasionally suffered attacks and censorship within China.
The China Council for the Promotion of Peaceful National Reunification (CCPPNR) is an umbrella organization, founded in 1988, by the United Front Work Department of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to promote unification between mainland China and Taiwan on terms defined solely by the People's Republic of China. Unification is couched in a one country, two systems framework, though critics categorize it as annexation. According to scholar Anne-Marie Brady, in addition to promoting unification, "the organization also engages in a range of activities which support Chinese foreign policy goals, including block-voting and fund-raising for ethnic Chinese political candidates who agree to support their organization's agenda." The main council oversees over 200 chapters in multiple countries.
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Anne-Marie Sharon Brady is a New Zealand academic and Professor of Political Science at the University of Canterbury. She specialises in Chinese domestic and foreign politics, Antarctic and Arctic politics, Pacific politics, and New Zealand Foreign Policy.
The China Association for International Friendly Contact (CAIFC) is a united front organization subordinate to the Liaison Bureau of the Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission. CAIFC was founded in 1984 and is active in overseas influence operations to promote the interests of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).
The Chinese Association for International Understanding (CAFIU) is a Beijing-based organization, registered under the Ministry of Civil Affairs, that is reported to be a front organization for the International Liaison Department of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) used for international exchanges with academics, think tanks, and other civil society organizations. CAFIU is reported to have links to the Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission.
"Three warfares" is an official political and information non-kinetic warfare strategy of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) employing media or public opinion warfare, psychological warfare, and legal warfare. Promulgated as work regulations, the "three warfares" was set forth in the amended Political Work Regulations of the PLA in 2003.
The China–United States Exchange Foundation is a Hong Kong-based nonprofit organization whose stated aim is to encourage dialogue and exchanges between the people of the United States and China. CUSEF was founded in 2008 by Tung Chee-hwa, a billionaire, former Chief Executive of Hong Kong, and vice chair of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, who remains the chairman of the foundation. CUSEF's governing board has included members such as Ronnie Chan, Elsie Leung, and Victor Fung.
China's salami slicing is a geopolitical strategy involving a series of small steps allegedly taken by the government of China that would become a larger gain which would have been difficult or unlawful to perform all at once. When discussing this concept, notedly debated in the publications of the Lowy Institute from Australia, some defenders of the concept are Brahma Chellaney, Jasjit Singh, Bipin Rawat or the ORF from India or the USIP, Bonnie S. Glaser (CSIS) or Erik Voeten from the US, while detractors are H. S. Panag from India or Linda Jakobson. Advocates of the term have cited examples such as the territorial disputes in the South China Sea and along the Sino-Indian border.
The 12th Bureau of the Ministry of State Security, known publicly as the China International Culture Exchange Center under an arrangement called "one institution with two names", is a set of research institutes operated by the Chinese Ministry of State Security (MSS), the principal civilian intelligence agency of the People's Republic of China as a front organization. CICEC was founded in 1984 and is active in operations to influence foreign think tanks, academics, and other high-profile foreigners. In addition to the China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations, CICEC is considered one of the main front organizations utilized for foreign influence operations by the MSS.
Alex W. Joske is a Chinese-Australian author, sinologist, open-source intelligence researcher, and risk consultant who investigates the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), particularly its influence operations. Previously a researcher with the Australian Strategic Policy Institute, his writing has appeared in The New York Times, The Washington Post, and NBC News His first major work influenced legislation in the United States Congress to ban Chinese military (PLA) officials from sensitive U.S. government laboratories. He was publicly banned from entering China by the Chinese government in 2020 due to his work. In 2022, he released his first book, Spies and Lies, about the clandestine operations of the Ministry of State Security and United Front Work Department.
References
- 1 2 Fish, Isaac Stone (July 7, 2016). "Beijing Establishes a D.C. Think Tank, and No One Notices". Foreign Policy . Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-27.
- ↑ "China's Foreign Propaganda Machine | Wilson Center". Wilson Center. Archived from the original on 2020-09-18. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
- ↑ Diamond, Larry Jay; Schell, Orville; Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace, eds. (2019). China's influence & American interests: promoting constructive vigilance: report of the Working Group on Chinese Influence Activities in the United States. Hoover Institution Press publication (Revised ed.). Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-8179-2285-6. OCLC 1111089774.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) - ↑ Hiebert, Kyle (January 4, 2023). "War Games Offer Partial Picture of a Future China-US Clash Over Taiwan". Centre for International Governance Innovation . Archived from the original on May 31, 2023. Retrieved March 27, 2024.
- ↑ "Beware Chinese Influence but Be Wary of a China Witch Hunt | Council on Foreign Relations". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 2024-03-03. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
- ↑ "China's Overseas United Front Work" (PDF). U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission. August 24, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 9, 2018. Retrieved September 26, 2024.
- ↑ "Chinese Influence & American Interests" (PDF). Asia Society . Stanford University. 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-01-06. Retrieved 2024-03-27.
- ↑ Schestowitz, Roy (2018-01-04). "The Chinese Communist Party has growing sway in Western universities". Democratic Audit. Archived from the original on 2024-06-12. Retrieved 2024-09-26.