International Conference on X-Ray Microscopy (XRM) | |
---|---|
Genre | Physics Conference |
Location(s) | changes every time |
Inaugurated | Göttingen 1983 |
Most recent | Hsinchu 2022 |
Next event | Lund 2024 |
Attendance | 300-400 |
Website | XRM2024 |
The International Conference on X-Ray Microscopy (XRM) is a biennial international conference on X-ray imaging. The scope includes a range of topics in X-ray imaging, both in the soft and hard X-ray spectrum. Imaging by synchrotron light sources is the dominant topic, but small scale laboratory imaging is also included in many talks and posters. A number of subtopics are covered, including but not limited to X-ray microtomography, Phase-contrast X-ray imaging, Ptychography, and X-ray optics. The conference is typically five days long and held in summer. The conference is organized by an international committee and a local host organization. This local host is in most cases a synchrotron facility or an institute closely connected to a synchrotron. The host of the conference is decided two conferences in advance with a majority vote by all conference attendees. For example, the 14th XRM (2018) was decided during the 12th XRM (2014).
The initiators of XRM were the German physicist Günter Schmahl and the Hungarian-American physicist Janos Kirz. Schmahl hosted the first conference in Göttingen in 1983. [1] [2]
XRM was for several years triennial, but has been biennial since 2008.
The 2020 installment of XRM in Taiwan was postponed two years due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Werner Meyer-Ilse was the chair of the International Program Committee for XRM99, but passed away in a car accident days before the conference. [3] [4] In his memory XRM hands out the Werner Meyer-Ilse Memorial Award to "young scientists for exceptional contributions to the advancement of X-ray microscopy". [5]
# | year | name | city | country | attendance [a] | proceedings | comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1983 | XRM I | Göttingen | Germany | 50 [2] | [6] | First conference |
2 | 1987 | XRM II | Brookhaven, NY. | US | [7] | ||
3 | 1990 | XRM III | London | UK | [8] | ||
4 | 1993 | XRM IV | Chernogolovka | Russia | [9] | ||
5 | 1996 | XRM V | Würzburg | Germany | [10] | ||
6 | 1999 | XRM99 | Berkeley, CA. | US | [11] | First WMIM award | |
7 | 2002 | XRM2002 | Grenoble | France | 239 | [12] | |
8 | 2005 | XRM2005 | Himeji | Japan | [13] | First conference outside Europe and US | |
9 | 2008 | XRM2008 | Zürich | Switzerland | 300 | [14] | |
10 | 2010 | XRM2010 | Chicago, Il. | US | 344 | [15] | |
11 | 2012 | XRM2012 | Shanghai | China | 295 | [16] | |
12 | 2014 | XRM2014 | Melbourne | Australia | 336 | [2] | |
13 | 2016 | XRM2016 | Oxford | UK | 380 | [5] | |
14 | 2018 | XRM2018 | Saskatoon | Canada | [17] | ||
15 | 2022 | XRM2022 | Hsinchu | Taiwan | Virtual, originally planned as XRM2020 | ||
16 | 2024 | XRM2024 | Lund | Sweden | Originally planned as XRM2022 | ||
17 | 2026 | XRM2026 | Campinas | Brazil |
In condensed matter physics and materials science, an amorphous solid is a solid that lacks the long-range order that is characteristic of a crystal. The terms "glass" and "glassy solid" are sometimes used synonymously with amorphous solid; however, these terms refer specifically to amorphous materials that undergo a glass transition. Examples of amorphous solids include glasses, metallic glasses, and certain types of plastics and polymers.
Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view objects and areas of objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye. There are three well-known branches of microscopy: optical, electron, and scanning probe microscopy, along with the emerging field of X-ray microscopy.
A synchrotron light source is a source of electromagnetic radiation (EM) usually produced by a storage ring, for scientific and technical purposes. First observed in synchrotrons, synchrotron light is now produced by storage rings and other specialized particle accelerators, typically accelerating electrons. Once the high-energy electron beam has been generated, it is directed into auxiliary components such as bending magnets and insertion devices in storage rings and free electron lasers. These supply the strong magnetic fields perpendicular to the beam which are needed to convert high energy electrons into photons.
An X-ray microscope uses electromagnetic radiation in the X-ray band to produce magnified images of objects. Since X-rays penetrate most objects, there is no need to specially prepare them for X-ray microscopy observations.
Computational photography refers to digital image capture and processing techniques that use digital computation instead of optical processes. Computational photography can improve the capabilities of a camera, or introduce features that were not possible at all with film based photography, or reduce the cost or size of camera elements. Examples of computational photography include in-camera computation of digital panoramas, high-dynamic-range images, and light field cameras. Light field cameras use novel optical elements to capture three dimensional scene information which can then be used to produce 3D images, enhanced depth-of-field, and selective de-focusing. Enhanced depth-of-field reduces the need for mechanical focusing systems. All of these features use computational imaging techniques.
The Canadian Light Source (CLS) is Canada's national synchrotron light source facility, located on the grounds of the University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. The CLS has a third-generation 2.9 GeV storage ring, and the building occupies a footprint the size of a Canadian football field. It opened in 2004 after a 30-year campaign by the Canadian scientific community to establish a synchrotron radiation facility in Canada. It has expanded both its complement of beamlines and its building in two phases since opening. As a national synchrotron facility with over 1000 individual users, it hosts scientists from all regions of Canada and around 20 other countries. Research at the CLS has ranged from viruses to superconductors to dinosaurs, and it has also been noted for its industrial science and its high school education programs.
The International School for Advanced Studies is an international, state-supported, post-graduate-education and research institute in Trieste, Italy.
Diffraction topography is a quantum beam imaging technique based on Bragg diffraction. Diffraction topographic images ("topographies") record the intensity profile of a beam of X-rays diffracted by a crystal. A topography thus represents a two-dimensional spatial intensity mapping of reflected X-rays, i.e. the spatial fine structure of a Laue reflection. This intensity mapping reflects the distribution of scattering power inside the crystal; topographs therefore reveal the irregularities in a non-ideal crystal lattice. X-ray diffraction topography is one variant of X-ray imaging, making use of diffraction contrast rather than absorption contrast which is usually used in radiography and computed tomography (CT). Topography is exploited to a lesser extends with neutrons and other quantum beams. In the electron microscope community, such technique is called dark field imaging or diffraction contrast imaging.
Coherent diffractive imaging (CDI) is a "lensless" technique for 2D or 3D reconstruction of the image of nanoscale structures such as nanotubes, nanocrystals, porous nanocrystalline layers, defects, potentially proteins, and more. In CDI, a highly coherent beam of X-rays, electrons or other wavelike particle or photon is incident on an object.
Ptychography is a computational method of microscopic imaging. It generates images by processing many coherent interference patterns that have been scattered from an object of interest. Its defining characteristic is translational invariance, which means that the interference patterns are generated by one constant function moving laterally by a known amount with respect to another constant function. The interference patterns occur some distance away from these two components, so that the scattered waves spread out and "fold" into one another as shown in the figure.
Walter Hoppe was a German physicist and electron microscopist.
In imaging optics, a field lens is a positive-powered lens or group of lenses that comes after the objective lens and before the image plane or the eyepiece, serving to change the size of the image or to provide image-space telecentricity. It is used for the reduction of detector size and, in instances needing high optical gain factor, it can correct aberrations through its several elements. Optical systems that feature multiple image planes are at risk of a potential problem, which involves the inability on the part of succeeding relay lenses to capture a cone of light from the primary objective lens. The field lens - by behaving as a variably angled lens - solves this problem by bending or refracting the cone of light back into the succeeding relay lens.
XRM may refer to:
David Sayre was an American scientist, credited with the early development of direct methods for protein crystallography and of diffraction microscopy. While working at IBM he was part of the initial team of ten programmers who created FORTRAN, and later suggested the use of electron beam lithography for the fabrication of X-ray Fresnel zone plates.
Franz Pfeiffer is a German physicist known for his contributions to the development of Phase-contrast X-ray imaging and its applications in biomedical research.
Peter Duncumb is a British physicist specialising in X-ray microscopy and microanalysis. He is best known for his contribution to the development of the first electron microprobe.
Günter Schmahl was a German physicist, professor at the University of Göttingen and a pioneer of X-ray microscopy.
Anne Sakdinawat is a physicist and a staff scientist at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, where her work focuses on the development on novel manufacturing techniques for nanoscale X-ray imaging. She is the co-author of a book on soft X-rays and extreme ultraviolet radiation.
Atsushi Momose is a Japanese physicist and professor at Tohoku University known for his contributions to the field of phase-contrast X-ray imaging.
Janos Kirz is a Hungarian-American physicist, Professor emeritus at Stony Brook University, and pioneer of X-ray microscopy.