Internet-related prefixes

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Internet-related prefixes such as e- , i- , cyber- , info- , techno- and net- are added to a wide range of existing words to describe new, Internet- or computer-related flavors of existing concepts, often electronic products and services that already have a non-electronic counterpart. The adjective virtual is often used in a similar manner. [1] [2]

Contents

Cyber-, e-, i, and virtual

"Cyber-"

Cyber- is derived from "cybernetic", from the Greek κυβερνητικός 'steersman'. Examples: cyberspace , cyberlaw , cyberbullying , cybercrime , cyberwarfare , cyberterrorism , cybersex , and cyberdelic . It is commonly used for policies and politics regarding computer systems and networks (as in the above cases), but also for information technology products and services. Further examples:

"E-"

E-, standing for electronic, is used in the terms e-mail , e-commerce , e-business , e-banking , e-sports , e-paper , e-cigarette , e-car , e-girl , e-reservation , and e-book . [1] [3]

The lowercase initial e prefix was used as early as 1994 by eWorld , Apple's online service.

"i-"

The i- prefix was used in 1964 in In Watermelon Sugar, Richard Brautigan's American postmodern post-apocalyptic novel published in 1968. Set in the aftermath of a fallen civilization, it focuses on a commune organized around a central gathering house which is named "iDEATH" [4] [ circular reference ] [5] The i- prefix was used as early as 1994 by iVillage , an internet community site by and for women. [6] More recent examples include the BBC's iPlayer, and Google's former iGoogle service. It has even been used by companies not in the IT sector for their websites, such as Coca-Cola's now-defunct icoke.com.

Apple Inc. is especially connected to the i- prefix. They first employed it for the iMac line of computers starting in 1998, [7] and have since used it in many of their other product names, including iCal, iSync, iChat, iBook, iDVD, iLife, iMessage, iPod (and iPod Socks), iSight, iPhone , iWeb, iTunes , iCloud , and others. They have said it stands for "Internet". [8]

Promotional materials for the 2004 film I, Robot , inspired by Isaac Asimov's short-story collection of the same name, utilized a lowercase i as a cultural reference to the rising popularity at that time of the prefix in product names. [9]

The letter "i" was also used in the popular Nickelodeon show iCarly , as that show primarily uses the internet as its main theme and to parodize the fact that Apple uses "i-" in almost all its products.

"Virtual"

The word virtual is used in a similar way to the prefixes above, but it is an adjective instead of a prefix. For example, it is used in the terms virtual reality , virtual world , and virtual sex .

Linguistic behaviour

These prefixes are productive. Michael Quinion notes that most of these formations are nonce words that will never be seen again. He writes that new terms such as "e-health" are unneeded; in this case telemedicine already exists to describe the application of telecommunications to medicine. He similarly points out the redundancy of e-tail, e-commerce, and e-business. [3] Martin likewise characterizes many of these words as "fad words" and believes many will disappear once the technology that resulted in their coinage becomes better accepted and understood. For example, he writes, "when using computers becomes the standard way to do business, there will be no need to call it 'e-business' — it may be just 'business.'" [10]

Spelling controversies

There is some confusion over whether these prefixes should be hyphenated and/or in upper case. In the case of e-mail, it was originally hyphenated and lowercase in general usage, but the hyphen is no longer common. [11]

In 1999, Michael Quinion attributed the forms "email", "E-mail" and "Email" to uncertainty on the parts of newer Internet users. [3] In 2003, Ronald Smith prescribed that the e- should always be lowercase and hyphenated. [12] In 2013, the Associated Press Stylebook removed the hyphen from "e-mail", following the general usage of the word. [11]

History

The term 'cybernetics' was used in Norbert Wiener's book Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (MIT Press, 1948). Wiener used the term in reference to the control of complex systems in the animal world and in mechanical networks, in particular self-regulating control systems. By 1960, doctors were performing research into surgically or mechanically augmenting humans or animals to operate machinery in space, leading to the coining of the term "cyborg", for "cybernetic organism".

In 1965, the ABPC The Avengers television series introduced artificial humanoids called Cybernauts. In 1966, the BBC Doctor Who serial The Tenth Planet introduced a monster called cybermen.

Fred J Cook (Winner of the 1961 Hillman Award) in his 1966 book "The Corrupted Land : The Social Morality of Modern America" introduces his book with "such ideals as free enterprise, 'rugged individualism' and laissez faire are anachronisms in this age of CYBERNATION."

By the 1970s, the Control Data Corporation (CDC) sold the "Cyber" range of supercomputers, establishing the word cyber- as synonymous with computing. Robert Trappl credits William Gibson and his novel Neuromancer with triggering a "cyber- prefix flood" in the 1980s. [13]

McFedries observes that a backlash against the use of e- and cyber- can be traced to the late 1990s, quoting Hale and Scanlon requesting writers in 1999 to "resist the urge to use this vowel-as-cliché" when it comes to e- and calling cyber- "terminally overused". [2] [14]

A comparable usage from outside the English language is the Japanese prefix denki (電気), meaning electricity, which was used in Meiji-era Japan to denote products exhibiting a Western sensibility. [15]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Camel case</span> Writing words with internal uppercase letters

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyberspace</span> Concept describing a widespread, interconnected digital technology

Cyberspace is an interconnected digital environment. It is a type of virtual world popularized with the rise of the Internet. The term entered popular culture from science fiction and the arts but is now used by technology strategists, security professionals, governments, military and industry leaders and entrepreneurs to describe the domain of the global technology environment, commonly defined as standing for the global network of interdependent information technology infrastructures, telecommunications networks and computer processing systems. Others consider cyberspace to be just a notional environment in which communication over computer networks occurs. The word became popular in the 1990s when the use of the Internet, networking, and digital communication were all growing dramatically; the term cyberspace was able to represent the many new ideas and phenomena that were emerging. As a social experience, individuals can interact, exchange ideas, share information, provide social support, conduct business, direct actions, create artistic media, play games, engage in political discussion, and so on, using this global network. Cyberspace users are sometimes referred to as cybernauts.

Cybersex, also called computer sex, Internet sex, netsex, e-sex and, colloquially, cyber or cybering, is a virtual sex encounter in which two or more people have long distance sex via electronic video communication and other electronics connected to a computer network.

Teledildonics is the name coined for virtual sex encounters using networked electronic sex toys to mimic and extend human sexual interaction. The term became known after technology critic and writer Howard Rheingold used it in his 1991 book Virtual Reality. In the publication, Rheingold made futuristic conclusions and summaries surrounding technology and used the term 'teledildonics' to refer to remote sexual activity using technology. Nowadays, the term is commonly used to describe remote sex, where tactile sensations are communicated over a remote connection between the participants. The term can also refer to the integration of telepresence with sexual activity that these interfaces make possible and can be used in conjunction or interchangeably with sex-technology. The term has also been used less accurately to refer to robotic sex, i.e., computer-controlled sex toys that aim to substitute for or improve upon sex with a human partner. Nowadays, it is commonly used to refer to Bluetooth-enabled sex toys.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Letter case</span> Uppercase or lowercase

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Cyber- is an Internet-related prefix, used in a number of terms.

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Cybersex trafficking, live streaming sexual abuse, webcam sex tourism/abuse or ICTs -facilitated sexual exploitation is a cybercrime involving sex trafficking and the live streaming of coerced sexual acts and/or rape on webcam.

References

  1. 1 2 Straubhaar, Joseph; LaRose, Robert (2004). Media Now: Understanding Media, Culture, and Technology. Thomson Learning. p. 6. ISBN   7-302-09576-0.
  2. 1 2 McFedries, Paul (2004-07-30). "The (Pre) Fix Is In". IEEE Spectrum.
  3. 1 2 3 Quinion, Michael (1999-01-16). "THE E- netcsPREFIX". World Wide Words.
  4. ↑ "In Watermelon Sugar".
  5. ↑ "In Watermelon Sugar | novel by Brautigan".
  6. ↑ "The Most Influential Women in Technology 2010 - Tina Sharkey". Fast Company. 25 March 2010. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
  7. ↑ Vaughn, Paul, "The Mac Guy: Potential buyer wants big sound, and he can have it," Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine April 21, 2007 at mysanantonio.com
  8. ↑ Manjoo, Farhad, "Grads Want to Study on EMacs, Too," April 30, 2002, wired.com
  9. ↑ I, Robot at IMDb OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
  10. ↑ Martin, Rodney (2004). Young Writers Guide. Era Publications. p. 150. ISBN   1-74120-040-7.
  11. 1 2 "AP Removes Hyphen From 'Email' In Style Guide". TheHuffingtonPost.com. TheHuffingtonPost.com. 18 March 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  12. ↑ Smith, Ronald D. (2003). Becoming a Public Relations Writer: A Writing Process Workbook for the Profession . Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p.  402. ISBN   0-8058-4260-8.
  13. ↑ Trappl, Robert (February 1998). "Preface". 14th European Meeting on Cybernetics and Systems Research (EMCSR'98), April 14 — 17, 1998 at the University of Vienna. Austrian Society for Cybernetic Studies. ISBN   3-85206-139-3.
  14. ↑ Hale, Constance; Scanlon, Jessie (1999). Wired Style: Principles of English Usage in the Digital Age . New York: Broadway Books. ISBN   9780767903721.
  15. ↑ デンキブランとは [What is Denki Bran?]. Kamiya Bar. Retrieved 25 August 2020. 電気がめずらしい明治の頃、目新しいものというと"電気○○○"などと呼ばれ、舶来のハイカラ品と人々の関心を集めていました [In the Meiji era, when electricity was uncommon, the word for electricity (denki) was used as a prefix for new products to give them a stylish, imported feel.]

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