The history of Guatemala begins with the Maya civilization,which was among those that flourished in their country. The country's modern history began with the Spanish conquest of Guatemala in 1524. Most of the great Classic-era Maya cities of the Petén Basin region,in the northern lowlands,had been abandoned by the year 1000 AD. The states in the Belize central highlands flourished until the 1525 arrival of Spanish conquistador Pedro de Alvarado. Called "The Invader" by the Mayan people,he immediately began subjugating the Indian states.
The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA),renamed the Republic of Afghanistan in 1987,was the Afghan state during the one-party rule of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) from 1978 to 1992. It relied heavily on assistance from the Soviet Union for most of its existence,especially during the Soviet–Afghan War.
South Vietnam,officially the Republic of Vietnam,was a country in Southeast Asia that existed from 1955 to 1975,the period when the southern portion of Vietnam was a member of the Western Bloc during part of the Cold War after the 1954 division of Vietnam. It first received international recognition in 1949 as the State of Vietnam within the French Union,with its capital at Saigon,before becoming a republic in 1955. South Vietnam was bordered by North Vietnam to the north,Laos to the northwest,Cambodia to the southwest,and Thailand across the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. Its sovereignty was recognized by the United States and 87 other nations,though it failed to gain admission into the United Nations as a result of a Soviet veto in 1957. It was succeeded by the Republic of South Vietnam in 1975. In 1976,the Republic of South Vietnam and North Vietnam merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
Juan Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán was a Guatemalan military officer and politician who served as the 25th President of Guatemala. He was Minister of National Defense from 1944 to 1950,and the second democratically elected President of Guatemala,from 1951 to 1954. He was a major figure in the ten-year Guatemalan Revolution,which represented some of the few years of representative democracy in Guatemalan history. The landmark program of agrarian reform Árbenz enacted as president was very influential across Latin America.
The War Office was a department of the British Government responsible for the administration of the British Army between 1857 and 1964,when its functions were transferred to the new Ministry of Defence (MoD). It was equivalent to the Admiralty,responsible for the Royal Navy (RN),and the Air Ministry,which oversaw the Royal Air Force (RAF). The name 'War Office' is also given to the former home of the department,located at the junction of Horse Guards Avenue and Whitehall in central London. The landmark building was sold on 1 March 2016 by HM Government for more than £350 million,on a 250 year lease for conversion into a luxury hotel and residential apartments.
Redfield Proctor was a U.S. politician of the Republican Party. He served as the 37th governor of Vermont from 1878 to 1880,as Secretary of War from 1889 to 1891,and as a United States Senator for Vermont from 1891 to 1908.
Riyad Pasha was an Egyptian statesman. His name can also be spelled Riaz Pasha and RiyāḍBāshā. He served as Prime Minister of Egypt three times during his career. His first term was between September 21,1879 and September 10,1881. His second term was from June 9,1888 to May 12,1891. His final term lasted from January 17,1893 to April 16,1894.
Jaafar Muhammad an-Nimeiry was a Sudanese politician who served as the president of Sudan from 1969 to 1985.
Don Stephen Senanayake was a Ceylonese statesman. He was the first Prime Minister of Ceylon having emerged as the leader of the Sri Lankan independence movement that led to the establishment of self-rule in Ceylon. He is considered as the "Father of the Nation".
Decree 900,also known as the Agrarian Reform Law,was a Guatemalan land-reform law passed on June 17,1952,during the Guatemalan Revolution. The law was introduced by President Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán and passed by the Guatemalan Congress. It redistributed unused land greater than 90 hectares in area to local peasants,compensating landowners with government bonds. Land from at most 1,700 estates was redistributed to about 500,000 individuals—one-sixth of the country's population. The goal of the legislation was to move Guatemala's economy from pseudo-feudalism into capitalism. Although in force for only eighteen months,the law had a major effect on the Guatemalan land-reform movement.
JoséJoaquín Antonio de Herrera was a Mexican statesman who served as president of Mexico three times,and as a general in the Mexican Army during the Mexican–American War of 1846–1848.
Dudley Shelton Senanayake,was a Sri Lankan statesman who served as Prime Minister of Ceylon from 1952 to 1953,in 1960 and from 1965 to 1970 and Leader of the Opposition from 1960 to 1964. Senanayake's tenures as prime minister were associated with democratic socialist policies focused on agricultural and educational reforms with a pro-western alignment.
Saad el-Din Mohamed el-Husseiny el-Shazly was an Egyptian military commander. He was Egypt's chief of staff during the October War. Following his public criticism of the Camp David Accords,he resigned from his post as Ambassador to Britain and Portugal and went to Algeria as a political refugee.
The 1964 Brazilian coup d'état,colloquially known in Brazil as the Coup of 64,was a series of events in Brazil from March 31 to April 1 that led to the overthrow of President João Goulart by members of the Brazilian Armed Forces. The following day,with the military already in control of the country,the speaker of the Brazilian Congress came out in support of the coup and endorsed it by declaring vacant the office of the presidency. The coup put an end to the government of Goulart,a member of the Brazilian Labour Party,who had been democratically elected vice president in the same election in which conservative Jânio Quadros,from the National Labour Party and backed by the National Democratic Union,won the presidency.
The Beylik of Tunis,also known as Kingdom of Tunis was a largely autonomous beylik of the Ottoman Empire located in present-day Tunisia. It was ruled by the Husainid dynasty from 1705 until the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of the French protectorate of Tunisia in 1881.
The People's Socialist Republic of Albania was the Marxist–Leninist one party state that existed in Albania from 1946 to 1991 (the official name of the country was the People's Republic of Albania from 1946 until 1976. From 1944 to 1946,the state of Albania was known as the Democratic Government of Albania.
The period in the history of Guatemala between the coups against Jorge Ubico in 1944 and Jacobo Árbenz in 1954 is known locally as the Revolution. It has also been called the Ten Years of Spring,highlighting the peak years of representative democracy in Guatemala from 1930 until the end of the civil war in 1996. It saw the implementation of social,political,and especially agrarian reforms that were influential across Latin America.
Taghi Riahi (1911–1989) was an Iranian senior military officer in the Iranian Imperial Army.
The Civic Directory was a military junta which governed El Salvador from 2 to 4 December 1931. The junta was composed of twelve members of the Armed Forces of El Salvador from the army,air force,and National Guard. The directory marked the beginning of the era of military dictatorships in El Salvador which lasted until October 1979 with the 1979 Salvadoran coup d'état and the establishment of the Revolutionary Government Junta,a joint civilian-military government which ruled until 1982.
He Kang was a Chinese politician who served as minister of Agriculture between 1988 and 1990 and minister of Agriculture,Animal Husbandry and Fisheries between 1983 and 1988. He served as vice president of the China Association for Science and Technology on two occasions,1986–1995 and 1995–2000. He was a member of the 12th and 13th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.
