Bumiputera or bumiputra is a term used in Malaysia to describe Malays,the Orang Asli of Peninsular Malaysia,and various indigenous peoples of East Malaysia. The term is sometimes controversial. It is used similarly in the Malay world,Indonesia,and Brunei.
Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin was a Russian statesman who served as the third prime minister and the interior minister of the Russian Empire from 1906 until his assassination in 1911. Known as the greatest reformer of Russian society and economy,his reforms caused unprecedented growth of the Russian state,which was halted by his assassination.
Land reform in Zimbabwe officially began in 1980 with the signing of the Lancaster House Agreement,as a program to redistribute farmland from white Zimbabweans to black Zimbabweans as an effort by the ZANU-PF government to give more control over the country's extensive farmlands to the black African majority. Before the implementation of these policies,the distribution of land in what was then known as Rhodesia saw a population of 4,400 white Rhodesians owning 51% of the country's land while 4.3 million black Rhodesians owned 42%,with the remainder being non-agricultural land. The discrepancy of this distribution,as well as the overall dominance of the white population in the newly-independent but largely unrecognized Rhodesian state was challenged by the black nationalist organizations ZANU and ZAPU in the Rhodesian Bush War. At the establishment of the modern Zimbabwean state in 1980 after the bush war,the Lancaster House Agreement held a clause that prohibited forced transfer of land,this resulted in changes in land distribution from the willing sale or transfer by owners being minor until 2000,when the government of Robert Mugabe began a more aggressive policy.
Chaudhary Charan Singh,better known as Charan Singh was an Indian politician and a freedom fighter. Singh was principally known for his land and agricultural reform initiatives. He briefly served as the prime minister of India from July 1979 to August 1979 and was Member of Parliament (MP) for Baghpat. During prime ministership he was a member of the Janata Party (Secular). He served as 5th Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh as a member of Bhartiya Kranti Dal. He also briefly served as deputy prime minister of India from January 1979 to July 1979 as a member of the Janata Party. Singh is widely regarded as the "Champion of farmers",after his life has been dedicated to advocating for the wellbeing and rights of farmers.
Child labor laws in the United States address issues related to the employment and welfare of working children in the United States. The most sweeping federal law that restricts the employment and abuse of child workers is the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (FLSA),which came into force during the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration. Child labor provisions under FLSA are designed to protect the educational opportunities of youth and prohibit their employment in jobs that are detrimental to their health and safety. FLSA restricts the hours that youth under 16 years of age can work and lists hazardous occupations too dangerous for young workers to perform.
Emilio Colombo was an Italian politician. A member of the Christian Democracy party,he served as Prime Minister of Italy from August 1970 to February 1972. In 2003,he was appointed senator for life,a seat he held until his death.
Bhupinder Singh Hooda is an Indian National Congress politician who is the current Leader of the Opposition in Haryana Legislative Assembly. He also served as the Chief Minister of Haryana from 2005 to 2014.
Hukou is a system of household registration used in mainland China. The system itself is more properly called "huji",and has origins in ancient China;hukou is the registration of an individual in the system. A household registration record officially identifies a person as a permanent resident of an area and includes identifying information such as name,parents,spouse and date of birth. A hukou can also refer to a family register in many contexts since the household register is issued per family,and usually includes the births,deaths,marriages,divorces,and moves,of all members in the family.
The New Freedom was Woodrow Wilson's campaign platform in the 1912 presidential election,and also refers to the progressive programs enacted by Wilson during his time as president. First expressed in his campaign speeches and promises,Wilson later wrote a 1913 book of the same name. After the 1918 midterm elections,Republicans took control of Congress and were mostly hostile to the New Freedom. As president,Wilson focused on various types of reform,such as the following:
- Tariff reform:This came through the passage of the Underwood Tariff Act of 1913,which lowered tariffs for the first time since 1857 and went against the protectionist lobby.
- Labor reform:This was achieved through measures such as the Eight Hour Law for Women of the District of Columbia,the Seaman’s Act,Workmen’s Compensation for Federal employees,the Federal Child Labor Bill,and the Adamson Act. During the 1912 campaign Wilson spoke in support of workers organizing into unions while endorsing "the betterment of men in this occupation and the other,the protection of women,the shielding of children,the bringing about of social justice.”
- Business reform:This was established through the passage of the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914,which established the Federal Trade Commission to investigate and halt unfair and illegal business practices by issuing "cease and desist" orders,and the Clayton Antitrust Act.
- Agricultural reform:This was achieved through measures such as the Cotton Futures and Smith-Lever Acts of 1914,the Grain Standards and Warehouse Acts of 1916,and the Smith-Hughes Act of 1917.
- Banking reform:This came in 1913 through the creation of the Federal Reserve System and in 1916 through the passage of the Federal Farm Loan Act,which set up Farm Loan Banks to support farmers.
Abul Kasem Fazlul Huq,popularly known as Sher-e-Bangla,was a Bengali lawyer and politician who presented the Lahore Resolution which had the objective of creating an independent Pakistan. He also served as the first and longest Prime Minister of Bengal during the British Raj.
Angela Thokozile Didiza is a South African politician serving as Speaker of the National Assembly since 14 June 2024. A member of the African National Congress (ANC),she was formerly the Minister of Agriculture,Land Reform and Rural Development between May 2019 and June 2024. She served an earlier stint in the cabinet between 1999 and 2008.
The People's Socialist Republic of Albania,officially the People's Republic of Albania from 1946 until 1976,and from 1991 to 1992 as the Republic of Albania,was the communist state in Albania from 1946 to 1991. It succeeded the Democratic Government of Albania (1944–1946).
Agriculture accounts for 22 percent of Cambodia’s GDP,and employs about 3 million people.
The Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation of Egypt is a ministerial body in charge of agriculture and land reclamation in Egypt.
The Naz Foundation (India) Trust is a non-governmental organisation (NGO) in that country that works on HIV/AIDS and sexual health. It is based in the Indian capital of New Delhi.
Hare Krishna Konar was an Indian marxist revolutionary,political theorist,charismatic peasant leader and politician. Konar was a founding member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist),the figurehead behind India's first land reform,and the chief architect of the West Bengal land distribution. Between the 1960s and 1970s,he became one of the principal leaders of the Communist movements in India. In 1932,due to his involvement in the Begut Robbery Case of the Jugantar Party,Konar was deported to the Cellular Jail of the Andaman for 6 years at the age of 18,there he took part in the first hunger strike and in 1935 he founded the Communist Consolidation and led the historical second hunger strike.
Independent Albania was a parliamentary state declared in Vlorëon 28 November 1912 during the First Balkan War. Its assembly was constituted on the same day while its government and senate were established on 5 December 1912.
Ismail Amat was a Chinese politician of Uyghur ethnicity who served as Chairman (Governor) of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region,State Councillor,Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and Vice Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC).
Following his election as President of South Africa in the 2009 general election,Jacob Zuma announced his first cabinet on 10 May 2009. There were a total of 34 ministerial portfolios in the cabinet.
Ndumiso Capa is a South African politician from the Eastern Cape who has served as a Member of the National Assembly of South Africa since 2014,representing the African National Congress,the ruling party in South Africa.
