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The Jaipur-Atrauli Gharana (also known as Jaipur Gharana, Atrauli-Jaipur Gharana, and Alladiyakhani Gayaki) is a Hindustani music apprenticeship fraternity ( gharana ), founded by Alladiya Khan in the late-19th century. Evolved from the dhrupad tradition of the Atrauli and Dagarbani lineages, but known for khayal, [1] this gharana is known for producing acclaimed musicians like Kishori Amonkar, Kesarbai Kerkar, Laxmibai Jadhav, Mogubai Kurdikar, Mallikarjun Mansur, Shruti Sadolikar, Dhondutai Kulkarni, and Ashwini Bhide-Deshpande. Consequently, this gharana developed a reputation for its distinctive vocal aesthetics, raga repertoire, and technical aptitude. [2]
The Jaipur-Atrauli gharana emerged from Alladiya Khan's family which originated from Atrauli (near Aligarh) and migrated to Jaipur. [3] [4] [5] This gharana mainly evolved from Dagar-bani of Dhrupad, however it also absorbed finer essence of Gauhar-bani and Khandar-bani. [6]
A subgroup of the broader Atrauli gharana, the Jaipur-Atrauli gharana includes "Jaipur" to account for the geographical history of Alladiya Khan's family. [7]
Scholars say the hyphenated moniker of this gharana recognizes that Jaipur-Atrauli gharana musicians originally came from Atrauli Village in Aligarh district and migrated to the court of the Maharaja of Jaipur, their principal patron. Others say they came to the Jaipur Maharaja's court and then dispersed to various other courts in the area, like Jodhpur, Uniyara, Bundi, Atrauli.
Many of the ragas and compositions sung in the Jaipur gharana come from the tradition of Haveli Sangeet and dhrupad, [8] such as: [9]
The gharana is known for its unique layakari (rhythmic aesthetics) and rich repertoire of ragas , especially jod ragas (compound ragas) and sankeerna ragas (mixed ragas). Most gharanas apply notes in simple succession in aalap and taan, whereas in the Jaipur gayaki, notes are applied in an oblique manner with filigree involving immediately neighbouring notes. Instead of the flat taan, gamak (taan sung with double notes with a delicate force behind each of the component double-notes of the taan) makes the taan spiral into seemingly never-ending cycles. Meend in aalap and gamak in taan are the hallmark of this gayaki. Sharp edged harkats and murkis (crisp, quick phrases to ornament the alaap) are relatively uncommon. Not only are the notes sung in rhythm with the taal but progress between the matras (beats) is in fractions of quarters and one-eighths. While being mindful of so many factors, musicians of this gharana still have a graceful way of arriving at the Sam without having matras to spare. This is particularly evident in the way bol-alaap or bol-taan is sung, where meticulous attention is given to the short and long vowels in the words of the bandish that are being pronounced, and the strict discipline of avoiding unnatural breaks in the words and in the meaning of the lyrics. No other gharana has paid so much attention to the aesthetics and laykari in singing bol-alaaps and bol-taans[ citation needed ].
The Jaipur-Atrauli tradition is known for signature and speciality ragas that have been created or revived by Alladiya Khan. These include:
This tradition is known for their repertoire and presentation of jod ragas (mixed or hybrid ragas). Alladiya Khan introduced many lesser-known or obscure ragas in his repertoire.
Jaipur-Atrauli musicians and their styles have greatly influenced music on the Indian subcontinent. From ghazals of Mehdi Hassan to the Marathi natyageets of Bal Gandharva, the Jaipur-Atrauli style has enjoyed broad popular appeal. [10] Within Hindustani Classical music, many popular musicians outside of this tradition have adopted some of its aesthetics and techniques, most notably Bhimsen Joshi. Given the popularity of Kishori Amonkar, this tradition features many women singers. Uniquely this gharana has over four generations of leading female vocalists.
The following visualization is based on several historical accounts. [11] [12] [13]
Dagarbani Parampara | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nath Vishwambhar | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Haridas Dagar | Nayak Gopal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Miyan Tansen | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Atrauli Gharana Parampara | Gauharbani Parampara | Nauharbani Parampara | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Miyan Bade Karim Baksh Khan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Miyan Mantol Khan | Miyan Bhopat Khan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Miyan Zahoor Khan | Miyan Gulab Khan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sikandrabad Gharana | Miyan Hande Imam Baksh Khan | Miyan Hussain Khan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ramzan Khan "Rangile" | Qadar Khan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rangile Gharana | Miyan Chhajjoo Khan | Miyan Dilawar "Dallooo" Khan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Jahangir Khan | Khwaja Ahmed Khan | Chiman Khan | Ahmed Khan | Zahoor Baksh Khan "Ramdas" | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Khairat Ali Khan | Amrunnissa Begum | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mohammed Khan | Ghulam Ahmed "Alladiya" Khan | Haider Khan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Agra Gharana | Jaipur-Atrauli Gharana | Khurja Gharana | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The following tree includes the immediate disciples of Alladiya Khan according to Govindrao Tembe and Mallikarjun Mansur. [14]
The following includes recent branches of the Jaipur-Atrauli gharana according to various sources. [15]
This family tree includes the heirs of Alladiya Khan's disciples from his time in Kolhapur.
This family tree includes the heirs of Alladiya Khan's disciples from his son and student, Bhurji Khan.
This family tree includes the heirs of Alladiya Khan's disciples from his student, Mogubai Kurdikar.
This family tree includes the heirs of Alladiya Khan's disciples from his time in Bombay.
Kishori Amonkar was an Indian classical vocalist, belonging to the Jaipur gharana, or a community of musicians sharing a distinctive musical style. She is considered to be one of the foremost classical singers in India.
Pandit Mallikarjun Bheemaraayappa Mansur, was a Hindustani classical singer from Karnataka. He sang in the khyal genre and belonged to the Jaipur-Atrauli gharana.
Kesarbai Kerkar was an Indian classical vocalist of the Jaipur-Atrauli gharana. A protege of Ustad Alladiya Khan (1855–1946), the founder of the gharana, from age sixteen, she went on to become one of the most noted khayal singers of the second half of the 20th century.
Ashwini Bhide-Deshpande is a Hindustani classical music vocalist from Mumbai. She belongs to the Jaipur-Atrauli gharana tradition.
Alladiya Khan was an Indian Hindustani classical singer who founded the Jaipur-Atrauli gharana, also referred as just Jaipur Gharana. He is recognized for his revival, reinterpretation, and creations of many rare raags, compositions, and techniques and for producing disciples like Bhaskarbuwa Bakhale, Kesarbai Kerkar, and Mogubai Kurdikar.
Mogubai Kurdikar was a renowned Indian classical vocalist of the Jaipur-Atrauli gharana.
Shruti Sadolikar Katkar is an Indian classical singer of the khyal style in the Jaipur-Atrauli gharana. She is a recipient of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for Hindustani vocal music for 2011.
Dhondutai Kulkarni, was an Indian classical singer from the Jaipur-Atrauli gharana. She was the last legendary exponent of orthodox Jaipur-Atrauli Gharana.
The Gwalior Gharana is one of the oldest Khyal Gharana in Indian classical music. The rise of the Gwalior Gharana started with the reign of the Mughal emperor Akbar (1542–1605).
Ustad Badruddin "Manji" Khan (1888–1937) was a Hindustani Classical vocalist of the Jaipur-Atrauli Gharana founded by his father, Ustad Alladiya Khan. "He was called 'Manji' because he was his father's Manjhala (middle) son."
Padma Talwalkar is an Indian classical vocalist.
Jayashree R. Patanekar is a Hindustani classical vocalist. She has received training in Gwalior, Jaipur and Kirana gharana. She has received training from the great maestro Gajananrao Joshi.
Pandit Ratnakar Pai was a Hindustani classical music vocalist of the Jaipur-Atrauli Gharana.
Ustad Shamsuddin "Bhurji" Khan (1890–1950) was a Hindustani Classical vocalist of the Jaipur-Atrauli Gharana founded by his father, Ustad Alladiya Khan.
Gulubhai Jasdanwalla was a Hindustani Classical vocalist of the Jaipur-Atrauli Gharana and one of the foremost disciples of Gharana founder Utd. Alladiya Khan.
Pandit Wamanrao Sadolikar was a Hindustani classical vocalist of the Jaipur-Atrauli Gharana founded by his guru, Utd. Alladiya Khan.
Raghunandan Panshikar is a Hindustani classical vocalist. He has received training in the Jaipur gharana Panshikar has established his own unique treatment to classical singing under tutelage of Kishori Aamonkar, which diverted from traditional Jaipur-Atrauli Gharana. A versatile artist, he sings semi classical forms like Bhajans, Thumris, Gazals and Natya Sangeet with panache. Recipient of several prestigious awards,Panshikar has made his mark in performances throughout India as well as in Europe, the United States and the Middle east.
Manik Govind Bhide was an Indian Hindustani classical music vocalist from Kolhapur and based in Mumbai. She was known for being Kishori Amonkar's student and Ashwini Bhide-Deshpande's guru and mother. She was an exponent of the Jaipur-Atrauli gharana.
The Atrauli Gharana is a Hindustani music apprenticeship fraternity, founded by four brothers from the Gauharbani tradition who moved to Atrauli from Gwalior in the late-18th century. The gharana is best known for its influence and association with the Jaipur-Atrauli and Agra gharanas.
Malhar Ragang and all other ragas falling under this category are ragas in the Hindustani Classical music. Ragang refers to a family of ragas sharing a common melodic kernel. Other similar raga families are the Sarang family and the Kanada family. The Malhar ragas are generally sung in the Rainy season. The word Malhar is associated with torrential rains.