James Tour | |
---|---|
Born | New York City, U.S. |
Alma mater | Purdue University, PhD Syracuse University, BS |
Known for | Molecular electronics Nanotechnology Graphene production techniques Carbon nanotube chemistry Nanocar NanoPutian |
Awards | Oesper Award (2021) Centenary Prize (2020) Trotter Prize (2014) Feynman Prize (2008) |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Organic Chemistry Materials Science Nanotechnology |
Institutions | Rice University, 1999-present University of South Carolina, 1988–1999 |
Thesis | Metal-Promoted Cyclization and Transition-Metal-Promoted Carbonylative Cyclization Reactions (1986) |
Doctoral advisor | Ei-ichi Negishi |
Website | www |
James Mitchell Tour is an American chemist and nanotechnologist. He is a Professor of Chemistry, Professor of Materials Science and Nanoengineering at Rice University in Houston, Texas.
Tour received degrees from Syracuse University (BS, 1981), Purdue University (PhD, 1986 under Ei-ichi Negishi) and completed postdoctoral work at the University of Wisconsin–Madison (1986–1987) and Stanford University (1987–1988). [1]
Tour's work is primarily focused on carbon materials chemistry and nanotechnology. Tour's work on carbon materials encompasses fullerene purification, [2] [3] composites, [4] [5] conductive inks for radio frequencies identification tags, [6] [7] carbon nanoreporters for identifying oil downhole, [8] [9] graphene synthesis from cookies and insects, [10] graphitic electronic devices, [11] [12] carbon particle drug delivery for treatment of traumatic brain injury, [13] [14] the merging of 2D graphene with 1D nanotubes to make a conjoined hybrid material, [15] a new graphene-nanotube 2D material called rebar graphene, [16] graphene quantum dots from coal, [17] gas barrier composites, [18] graphene nanoribbon deicing films, [19] supercapacitors and battery device structures, [20] [21] and water splitting to H2 and O2 using metal chalcogenides. [22]
In addition, Tour has conducted research on the synthesis of graphene oxide, [23] [24] its mechanism of formation, [25] and its use in capturing radionuclides from water. [26] Tour has developed oxide-based electronic memories that can also be transparent and built onto flexible substrates. [27] His group has also developed the use of porous metal structures to make renewable energy devices including batteries and supercapacitors, as well as electronic memories. [28]
More recently, the Tour group's discovery of laser-induced graphene (LIG) has spurred innovations including an array of device structures made from LIG foams. [29] His lab's discovery of the flash graphene process in 2019 for the 10-millisecond bulk formation of graphene from carbon sources including coal, petroleum coke, biochar, food waste and mixed plastic waste, has implications in environmental stewardship through materials and waste upcycling. [30]
Tour worked in molecular electronics and molecular switching molecules. He pioneered the development of the Nanocar, single-molecule vehicles with four independently rotating wheels, axles, and light-activated motors. [31] Tour was the first to show that Feringa-based motors [32] can be used to move a molecule on a surface using light [33] as opposed to electric current from an STM tip. His early career focused upon the synthesis of conjugated polymers and precise oligomers. [34]
Tour has also been involved in scientific outreach, such as NanoKids, an interactive learning DVD to teach children fundamentals of chemistry and physics. He also developed SciRave, a Dance Dance Revolution and Guitar Hero package to teach science concepts to middle school and elementary school students. He has testified before the US Congress on two occasions to warn about budget cuts. [35]
In the Scientific American article "Better Killing Through Chemistry", [36] which appeared a few months after the September 11 attacks, Tour highlighted the ease of obtaining chemical weapon precursors in the United States.
Tour is on the board and working with companies including Weebit (silicon oxide electronic memory), [37] Dotz (graphene quantum dots), [38] Zeta Energy (batteries), [39] NeuroCords (spinal cord repair), [40] Xerient (treatment of pancreas cancer), LIGC Application Ltd. (laser-induced graphene), [41] Nanorobotics (molecular nanomachines in medicine), [42] Universal Matter Ltd. (flash graphene synthesis), [43] Roswell Biotechnologies (molecular electronic DNA sequencing), [44] and Rust Patrol (corrosion inhibitors). [45]
Tour's lab's research into graphene scaffolding gel has been shown to repair spinal cords of paralyzed mice. [35]
Tour has about 650 research publications and over 200 patents, with an H-index > 170 with total citations over 130,000 (Google Scholar, as of November 2023). [46] [47]
Tour was awarded the Royal Society of Chemistry's Centenary Prize for innovations in materials chemistry with applications in medicine and nanotechnology. [48] Tour was inducted into the National Academy of Inventors in 2015. [49]
He was named among "The 50 most Influential Scientists in the World Today" by TheBestSchools.org in 2014. [50]
Tour was named "Scientist of the Year" by R&D Magazine in 2013. [51] Tour won the ACS Nano Lectureship Award from the American Chemical Society in 2012. Tour was ranked one of the top 10 chemists in the world over the past decade by Thomson Reuters in 2009.
That year, he was also made a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
In 2005, Tour's journal article "Directional Control in Thermally Driven Single-Molecule Nanocars" was ranked the Most Accessed Journal Article by the American Chemical Society. [52]
Tour has twice won the George R. Brown Award for Superior Teaching at Rice University in 2007 and 2012.
In 2016, Tour was listed as an ISI highly cited researcher. [53]
Tour became a born-again Christian in his first year at Syracuse [35] and identifies as a Messianic Jew. [54] Tour signed the Scientific Dissent from Darwinism, [1] a statement issued by the Discovery Institute disputing the scientific consensus on evolution, but, in spite of the Discovery Institute's promotion of the pseudoscience of intelligent design, Tour does not consider himself to be an intelligent design proponent. [55] According to The New Yorker , Tour said his signing of the "Dissent" "reflected only his personal doubts about how random mutation occurs at the molecular level... [and] that, apart from a habit of praying for divine guidance, he feels that religion plays no part in his scientific work." [35]
Boron nitride is a thermally and chemically resistant refractory compound of boron and nitrogen with the chemical formula BN. It exists in various crystalline forms that are isoelectronic to a similarly structured carbon lattice. The hexagonal form corresponding to graphite is the most stable and soft among BN polymorphs, and is therefore used as a lubricant and an additive to cosmetic products. The cubic variety analogous to diamond is called c-BN; it is softer than diamond, but its thermal and chemical stability is superior. The rare wurtzite BN modification is similar to lonsdaleite but slightly softer than the cubic form.
A carbon nanotube (CNT) is a tube made of carbon with a diameter in the nanometer range (nanoscale). They are one of the allotropes of carbon.
Graphene is an allotrope of carbon consisting of a single layer of atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice nanostructure. The name is derived from "graphite" and the suffix -ene, reflecting the fact that the graphite allotrope of carbon contains numerous double bonds.
Phaedon Avouris is a Greek chemical physicist and materials scientist. He is an IBM Fellow and was formerly the group leader for Nanometer Scale Science and Technology at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York.
Nanocomposite is a multiphase solid material where one of the phases has one, two or three dimensions of less than 100 nanometers (nm) or structures having nano-scale repeat distances between the different phases that make up the material.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are cylinders of one or more layers of graphene (lattice). Diameters of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) are typically 0.8 to 2 nm and 5 to 20 nm, respectively, although MWNT diameters can exceed 100 nm. CNT lengths range from less than 100 nm to 0.5 m.
Graphene nanoribbons are strips of graphene with width less than 100 nm. Graphene ribbons were introduced as a theoretical model by Mitsutaka Fujita and coauthors to examine the edge and nanoscale size effect in graphene.
Alex K. Zettl is an American experimental physicist, educator, and inventor.
Graphite oxide (GO), formerly called graphitic oxide or graphitic acid, is a compound of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen in variable ratios, obtained by treating graphite with strong oxidizers and acids for resolving of extra metals. The maximally oxidized bulk product is a yellow solid with C:O ratio between 2.1 and 2.9, that retains the layer structure of graphite but with a much larger and irregular spacing.
Carbon nanotube chemistry involves chemical reactions, which are used to modify the properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). CNTs can be functionalized to attain desired properties that can be used in a wide variety of applications. The two main methods of CNT functionalization are covalent and non-covalent modifications.
Rodney S. "Rod" Ruoff is an American physical chemist and nanoscience researcher. He is one of the world experts on carbon materials including carbon nanostructures such as fullerenes, nanotubes, graphene, diamond, and has had pioneering discoveries on such materials and others. Ruoff received his B.S. in chemistry from the University of Texas at Austin (1981) and his Ph.D. in chemical physics at the University of Illinois-Urbana (1988). After a Fulbright Fellowship at the MPI fuer Stroemungsforschung in Goettingen, Germany (1989) and postdoctoral work at the IBM T. J. Watson Research Center (1990–91), Ruoff became a staff scientist in the Molecular Physics Laboratory at SRI International (1991–1996). He is currently UNIST Distinguished Professor at the Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), and the director of the Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, an Institute for Basic Science Center located at UNIST.
Borophene is a crystalline atomic monolayer of boron, i.e., it is a two-dimensional allotrope of boron and also known as boron sheet. First predicted by theory in the mid-1990s, different borophene structures were experimentally confirmed in 2015.
Potential graphene applications include lightweight, thin, and flexible electric/photonics circuits, solar cells, and various medical, chemical and industrial processes enhanced or enabled by the use of new graphene materials.
In materials and electric battery research, cobalt oxide nanoparticles usually refers to particles of cobalt(II,III) oxide Co
3O
4 of nanometer size, with various shapes and crystal structures.
A rapidly increasing list of graphene production techniques have been developed to enable graphene's use in commercial applications.
Kwang Soo Kim is a South Korean professor in chemistry, an adjunct professor in physics, and the director of Center for Superfunctional Materials (CSM), of Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) in South Korea. He received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Applied Chemistry from Seoul National University and also an M.S. degree in Physics from Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) (1975). He obtained his Ph.D. degree from University of California, Berkeley (1982). His research fields include Theoretical/Computational Chemistry/Physics and Experimental Nanosciences.
Carbon quantum dots also commonly called carbon nano dots are carbon nanoparticles which are less than 10 nm in size and have some form of surface passivation.
Graphene-Boron Nitride nanohybrid materials are a class of compounds created from graphene and boron nitride nanosheets. Graphene and boron nitride both contain intrinsic thermally conductive and electrically insulative properties. The combination of these two compounds may be useful to advance the development and understanding of electronics.
Timothy M. Swager is an American Scientist and the John D. MacArthur Professor of Chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His research is at the interface of chemistry and materials science, with specific interests in carbon nanomaterials, polymers, and liquid crystals. He is an elected member of the National Academy of Sciences, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the National Academy of Inventors.
A graphene morphology is any of the structures related to, and formed from, single sheets of graphene. 'Graphene' is typically used to refer to the crystalline monolayer of the naturally occurring material graphite. Due to quantum confinement of electrons within the material at these low dimensions, small differences in graphene morphology can greatly impact the physical and chemical properties of these materials. Commonly studied graphene morphologies include the monolayer sheets, bilayer sheets, graphene nanoribbons and other 3D structures formed from stacking of the monolayer sheets.
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