Jerry Amper Dadap

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Jerry Amper Dadap
Jerry Dadap 2018.jpg
Jerry Amper Dadap, composer (2018)
Born (1935-11-05) November 5, 1935 (age 90)
Hinunangan, Southern Leyte, Commonwealth of the Philippines
OccupationsComposer, conductor, educator
Years active1959–present
OrganizationsAndrés Bonifacio Concert Choir
Known forPhilippine nationalist concert music; expansion of the rondalla as a symphonic ensemble
Notable workAndrés Bonifacio: Ang Dakilang Anak-Pawis, Alay sa Inang Bayan, Aleluya, Sumikat na ang Araw, Philippine Symphonic Medley

Jerry Amper Dadap (born November 5, 1935) is a Filipino composer, conductor, and educator. His work is associated with post-independence developments in Philippine art music, particularly in expanding the symphonic potential of the Philippine rondalla. Dadap has composed orchestral, choral, rondalla, and theatrical works that integrate classical concert forms with elements of Filipino musical traditions. His compositions often draw on Philippine historical and cultural themes and have been performed both in the Philippines and internationally.

Contents

Early life and family

Dadap was born on November 5, 1935, in Hinunangan, Southern Leyte, the ninth of fourteen children of Vedasto Dadap and Dionisia Amper. [1] [2] [3] He attributed his early musical exposure primarily to his mother’s family, the Ampers of Bohol, who were known locally for their musical activities. His maternal grandfather formed a small-town orchestra made up of coconut field workers and taught them solfeggio and instrumental performance. [1]

He married the late Celeste Dadap (née Icban), [2] [4] who earned a master’s degree in music education from Columbia University in New York City and taught humanities at the University of the East. She died on March 3, 2002. [5] They had four children: Jerry Jr., a composer and classical guitarist who is also trained as a physicist; Gerald, a visual artist; Jeremy, a violinist; and Bettina Celeste, a singer. [6] His younger brother, Michael Amper Dadap, is a classical guitarist and composer. [1] [2] [3] [4] [6]

Education and career

Dadap’s earliest formal music instruction came from his elder sister, Feri, who taught him organ and piano for church settings. He later studied theology at Silliman University in Dumaguete City (1954–1956), where he continued music studies and began composing songs and choral works while remaining active in church music. He then enrolled at the Conservatory of Music [7] of the University of the Philippines, where he earned a Bachelor of Music in Composition and Conducting in 1963. [1]

While still a student at the University of the Philippines, Dadap composed his first orchestral work, the symphonic poem The Passionate and the Wild (1959), which won Second Prize at the National Composition Contest in 1960. He later described the work as “modern” in style and noted that it was written before he had received formal training in orchestration, drawing instead on his experience performing with the University of the Philippines Symphony Orchestra. [1]

In addition, Dadap served as a carillonneur of the UP Diliman Carillon [8] from 1960 to 1964. [9] [10] [11] Contemporary newspaper accounts identify him as the fourth carillon player at the university, following Flora Zarco-Rivera, Wesley Tabayoyong, and Crisostomo Gonzales. [12] During his tenure, Dadap performed daily programs that included university hymns, Western classical repertoire, Filipino folk songs, and popular music of the period, at the request of then UP president Carlos P. Romulo. [12] Dadap later recalled that the carillon performances provided essential income while he was a working student at the university. [12]

Following his graduation, Dadap began his teaching career at Ramon Magsaysay High School in Cubao, Quezon City (1962–1968), where he taught music and rondalla while continuing his work as a composer and conductor. [1]

In March 1968, shortly before leaving for the United States, Dadap presented a farewell concert at the Philamlife Auditorium in Manila featuring the first concert-stage performance of Symphony No. 2 (Enfant Terrible), as well as a performance of his earlier Symphony No. 1 (Primeval). Reviewing the event for The Manila Times , critic Exequiel S. Molina described Symphony No. 2 as characterized by dense blocks of sound and the juxtaposition of atonal and polyrhythmic passages, noting Dadap’s growing focus on contemporary compositional techniques and “absolute music,” then uncommon in Philippine symphonic literature. [13]

In the same year, Dadap received a study observation grant to the USA, from the Music Promotion Foundation of the Philippines, [14] a government music promotion body created under Republic Act No. 1370. [1] From 1968 to 1971, he pursued advanced studies in composition at the Mannes College of Music in New York City on a full scholarship from the United Presbyterian Church (USA). [1]

According to the Encyclopedia of Philippine Art, Dadap was the first Filipino to conduct his own works at Carnegie Recital Hall in New York City in 1971. [2] In The New York Times, critic Peter G. Davis reviewed the concert, noting the composer’s emphasis for formal symmetry and structural clarity in his chamber music. Davis described that the second movement of Symphony No. 2 (1967), performed for string orchestra, stood apart stylistically, describing it as “pleasantly impressionistic,” “melodically direct,” and “altogether more inventive.” [15] [16]

Upon returning to the Philippines later in 1971, he became active as a music educator, teaching theory, ear training, composition, and orchestration at the Conservatory of Music of the Santa Isabel College of Manila, and later serving on the faculty of the University of Santo Tomas Conservatory of Music. He pursued a teaching career while also serving as conductor of the Andres Bonifacio Concert Choir and participating in various cultural and community music organizations. [1] [2]

Major works

Early in his career, Dadap was recognized in Art: Perception and Appreciation as a composer of note for works that integrate Filipino indigenous ensembles with symphonic concert forms. This approach is evident in works such as Choral Symphonic Ode No. 1 for Chorus, Rondalla, and Orchestra. He also explored indigenous instruments in theatrical works such as Lam-ang: Son of Namongan, Tomaneg at Aniway, and Sultan Kudarat. [17]

Dance and ballet works

Dadap composed music for modern dance and ballet and collaborated with several Filipino choreographers. [18] [19]

One of his early works in this area is Lam-ang: Son of Namongan (1974), [1] a theatrical production based on the Ilocano epic Biag ni Lam-ang that included a ballet component. The ballet was choreographed by Corazon Generoso Iñigo for the UE Dance Company. The production has been described in the literature as an early adaptation of a Filipino epic into modern ballet. [18] [19]

In 1975, Dadap composed the music for Tomaneg at Aniway, a modern dance work choreographed by Gener Caringal that drew on indigenous ritual and performance traditions as structural sources for contemporary ballet and modern dance. [19] [20]

In 1980, he composed the music for La Lampara, a ballet staged by Ballet Philippines and choreographed by Basilio Esteban S. Villaruz. Villaruz later noted that Dadap conceived the score as an abstract musical work, which the choreographer shaped into a narrative portraying José Rizal’s final hours. The ballet was revived in 1991 in connection with the centenary of El Filibusterismo and has been cited for its symbolic treatment of Rizal’s life and ideals. [18] [19]

Theatrical and multimedia works

The Redemption (1974) [2] [21] was commissioned by cultural advocate Victor Puyat [22] for the unveiling of Eduardo Castrillo’s Last Supper monument at Loyola Memorial Park in Marikina. Redemption is a large-scale orchestral and choral work that includes the choral piece Aleluya, which was later adapted as an a cappella work and has since been performed in the Philippines and abroad. In 2004, Aleluya was included in a yearlong series of all-Filipino concerts by the San Miguel Philharmonic Orchestra and the San Miguel Master Chorale, where it was described as technically demanding and characterized by polymetrical rhythm. [23] In a 2014 review of the album Beyond the Eastern Wind by the Danish choir Collegium Vocale in International Record Review, critic William Hedley described the piece as “a highly rhythmic, tonal cry of joy.” [24]

A later large-scale sacred work, The Resurrection and Redemption Story (2007), was commissioned by St. Stephen High School for its 90th foundation anniversary and premiered as part of the choral concert Images of Christ in Manila. Scored for chorus, soloists, and orchestra, the work depicts the Passion, Death, and Resurrection of Christ and concludes with Dadap’s choral setting Aleluya, a piece that also appears in his earlier oratorio The Redemption. [25]

Andrés Bonifacio: Ang Dakilang Anak-Pawis (1979) ("Andres Bonifacio, The Great Plebeian") is a musical based on the life of revolutionary leader Andrés Bonifacio and was staged in 1979 at the Cultural Center of the Philippines Main Theater (now Tanghalang Nicanor Abelardo). Dadap collaborated with playwright Dionisio Salazar and poet Rogelio Mangahas, both Palanca Award recipients, who served as librettists, and Paulino Capitulo as historical consultant [6] . The work is scored for orchestra and choir. [2] [26] [27]

While Philippine sources commonly describe the work as a musical, international theatre surveys have also classified it among original Filipino operas of the late twentieth century, and have noted its popularity in the Philippines. [28] [29] The musical has also been staged in later years. Coverage in the Philippine Daily Inquirer reports on productions mounted in 2013 and 2014. [26] [27]

Dadap also composed an opera on San Lorenzo Ruiz, commissioned by the University of Santo Tomas Conservatory of Music. [4] Titled Lorenzo Ruiz, Escribano, the work is regarded as the first opera on the first Filipino saint and was staged as a contemporary opera in a three-day run at the Phil-Am Life Auditorium in Manila on February 22–24, 1994. [30] The opera was based on Lorenzo Ruiz, Escribano: A Play in Two Acts by Ophelia Alcantara Dimalanta, which Dadap set to music; the libretto used a Filipino translation by Florentino Hornedo, and the production was directed by Isagani R. Cruz. [30] [31]

Symphonies

Dadap composed five symphonies between 1967 and 2021. In a 2025 article in the Philippine Daily Inquirer, arts and culture journalist Amadís Ma. Guerrero identified the symphonies as Dadap’s principal orchestral works. [4]

Symphony No. 1: Primeval (1967) and Symphony No. 2: Enfant Terrible (1968) were composed during Dadap’s early period of orchestral and theatrical activity and were performed in Manila soon after they were completed. [4] The second movement of Symphony No. 2 was later performed in New York. [15]

Dadap returned to the symphonic genre decades later with Symphony No. 3: Symphony of Bamboos (2018) and Symphony No. 4: Mudra Ballerina (2019). Guerrero described these works as incorporating indigenous instruments and nontraditional conceptual elements. [4] Dadap completed Symphony No. 5: The Wrath of Prakrti and Ragatmika-Bhakti in 2021. [4]

Guerrero noted that while the first two symphonies were performed at the time of their composition, the latter three had not been presented in full as of 2025. [4] He also reported that the Philippine Philharmonic Orchestra had expressed interest in performing Symphony No. 5. The work was later scheduled for performance in March 2026 under the direction of Grzegorz Nowak. [32] [33]

Rondalla compositions

Dadap composed a number of works for rondalla, including large-scale concert pieces. The Encyclopedia of Philippine Art notes that he was among the first Filipino composers to explore the symphonic potential of the Philippine rondalla. [2] In a survey of Philippine musical traditions edited by John Iremil E. Teodoro, National Artist for Music Ramon P. Santos lists Dadap among post-independence composers who expanded the rondalla repertoire beyond its traditional role as folk accompaniment. Santos notes that these composers produced transcriptions of light classical works and composed original rondalla music that explored the ensemble’s timbral range. [21] Musicologist Corazon Canave-Dioquino lists Dadap among composers who wrote more serious concert works for the rondalla, placing his music within the semi-classical tradition of Philippine music after 1898. [34]

Historical accounts of the Philippine rondalla identify Dadap among formally trained Filipino composers associated with the development of the rondalla as an art-music and concert ensemble during the twentieth century. [35]

Dadap’s rondalla works include extended compositions based on Philippine folk material. Among these are the Five Medleys for Children’s Rondalla, based on Philippine folk songs such as Condansoy, Magtanim ay ’di biro, Bahay kubo, Paru-parong bukid, Sampaguita, and Cariñosa. [4] [36] He also composed the Philippine Symphonic Medley, a rondalla work based on Filipino folk songs, which received First Prize at the 1967 National Rondalla Composition Contest sponsored by the Manila Times. [1] [35] [37]

In a 2025 article in the Philippine Daily Inquirer, arts and culture journalist Amadís Ma. Guerrero reported that Dadap composed fifteen balitaws for rondalla. Guerrero wrote that these works use the balitaw, a Visayan song-dance form, as the musical basis for concert pieces rather than as accompaniment for dance. [4]

Other selected works

In addition to his symphonies and major theatrical compositions, Dadap wrote symphonic, choral, sacred, and experimental works. One of his earliest recognized compositions is the symphonic poem The Passionate and the Wild (1960), which received Second Prize in the National Composition Contest. [1] The work is listed in the University of the Philippines library catalog as a standalone orchestral score. [38]

During the 1960s and 1970s, Dadap composed large-scale concert and theatrical works. These include Mangamuyo II (1977), [1] written for indigenous Filipino instruments and premiered at the Cultural Center of the Philippines. Choral Symphonic Ode No. 1: Alay sa Inang Bayan ("Offering to the Motherland") is a work for chorus, rondalla, and orchestra, composed by Dadap in 1963. It was written for the Bonifacio National Centennial Composition Contest and was first performed in 1965 at the Philamlife Auditorium, with the composer conducting. The text was written by Castor Lee Amper Jr., a first cousin of Dadap. [1] [6] [39] [40] The work has continued to appear in concert programs. In July 2025, it was performed at the DUYOG: The 1st International Youth Orchestra Festival celebration concert at the GSIS Theater by ensembles that included the Manila Symphony Junior Orchestra and the Children's Orchestra Society of New York. [41]

Another patriotic piece from Dadap’s early concert repertoire is Sumikat na ang Araw, which he composed in 1963 to a poem by Andrés Bonifacio titled Katapusang Tawag ("Final Call"). It was first performed in March 1968 by tenor Mamerto Villaba, accompanied by the Concert Philippines Orchestra under Dadap’s direction. [1] [39]

In addition to nationalist and theatrical works, Dadap produced experimental compositions early in his career. One example is Three Short Pieces for Flute and Metronome (1972), which uses the metronome as an independent temporal element. [1]

Dadap is also represented in Philippine Protestant sacred music; his works are included in Ang Pilipino Himnal ("The Filipino Hymnal"), a national hymn collection documenting Filipino religious composers of the latter half of the twentieth century. [42] Dadap composed sacred and choral music for congregational and choral use. His hymn Death Steals Like a Thief (Filipino: Dahil sa pagpanaw ng mahal sa buhay), with text by Cirilo A. Rigos, appears in Sound the Bamboo: Asian Hymns (no. 170). The tune, Pagyao (“Departure”), uses modal mixture, chromatic inflection, and a drone-like opening gesture. [43] [44]

Dadap also contributed works to Buksan Mo ang Aming mga Labi: Mga Awit na Pangkoro (1982), an anthology of Filipino liturgical music edited by National Artist for Music Francisco Feliciano. Dadap's contributions to the collection include Ang Pag-ibig ng Diyos (“The Love of God”) and Iisa Lamang ang Katawan (“There Is Only One Body”). [45]

Dadap was involved in Filipino Christmas music. He served as music editor of the educational songbook Let’s Sing Christmas (1972), edited by Eunice Blanchard Poethig and published by New Day Publishers in Quezon City. The collection includes Naririto na naman ang Pasko (“Christmas Is Here Again”), a Christmas song with lyrics by National Artist for Music and Literature Levi Celerio and music by Dadap. The University of the Philippines library catalog lists the work as a published mixed-voice choral score. [46] [47]

In the same period, Dadap also served as music editor for O the Wonder. Wonder. Wonder of It All (1972), another educational songbook edited by Poethig and published by New Day Publishers. The volume combines songs, hymns, prayers, and readings, and includes Philippine religious and vernacular works. [48]

Awards and recognition

Legacy

Dadap’s legacy has been discussed in Philippine music scholarship in terms of nationalism, institutional leadership, and long-term educational influence.

Nationalism and cultural advocacy

In reference works on Philippine music, Dadap is described as part of the generation of Filipino composers active after independence who pursued nationalist expression through large-scale concert traditions. Grove Music Online identifies him as an associate member of the League of Filipino Composers and aligns him with figures such as Alfredo Buenaventura, Ramon Santos, and Francisco Feliciano in efforts to articulate a national musical identity through symphonic and choral forms. [52] The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music similarly counts Dadap among a generation of Filipino neoclassicist composers—including Buenaventura, Angel Peña, and Rosendo Santos—whose works reflected a heightened awareness of Philippine musical identity. [53]

National Artist for Music Ramon Santos likewise places Dadap within a nationalist current of Filipino art music, citing his contributions to symphonies, concertos, symphonic poems, and orchestral song cycles. Santos characterizes Dadap’s compositional approach as eclectic, noting that his works range from conventional tonal idioms to pieces incorporating indigenous sonorities and more experimental techniques. [54]

As early as 1967, National Artist for Music Antonio J. Molina publicly identified Dadap as a leading figure in efforts to elevate the Philippine rondalla into a concert and symphonic medium. In a lecture titled Aspects of Philippine Culture: Music of the Philippines, presented under the auspices of the National Museum of the Philippines, Molina cited Dadap’s "noble and lofty objective" of giving “a distinct symphonic personality” to the native rondalla. Molina singled out Dadap’s 1965 concert, which featured works such as Balitaw No. 1 for Rondalla, Choral Cycle No. 1 for Rondalla and Chorus, and Choral Symphonic Ode for Rondalla, Chorus and Orchestra, as representative of this artistic direction. [55]

Filipino historian and cultural commentator Xiao Chua has further characterized Dadap’s career as a sustained contribution to nation-building, citing his commitment to composing and performing works centered on Philippine history and national heroes, as well as his lifelong role in teaching and mentoring several generations of Filipino musicians, including those without access to formal musical training. [56]

Institutional and community impact

Dadap founded the Concert Philippines Society, later known as the Andres Bonifacio Concert Choir, [2] [57] which provided training for Filipino singers and performed repertoire that included works by Filipino composers. In 1972, he inaugurated the Lahi ("Heritage") concert series, an initiative aimed at encouraging and popularizing Filipino compositions. He later organized the Andres Bonifacio Music Foundation in 1979, which supported multiple performing ensembles, including the Andres Bonifacio Musicale, the Andres Bonifacio Concert Choir, and the Andres Bonifacio Rondalla. [2]

In 2007, he collaborated with Fr. Benigno P. Beltran [58] to form the Smokey Mountain Children’s Choir in Tondo, Manila. Dadap provided regular musical instruction, waiving professional fees and receiving only transportation allowances. [59] The initiative was reported as a community-based effort that provided music education to children in Tondo. A 2009 Manila Times report noted that Dadap provided sustained mentorship to the choir, conducting weekly vocal training sessions over a six-month period beginning in late 2007 as part of a program supported by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts, and that the group later appeared on television and participated in performances abroad. [60]

Dadap’s musical play Andres Bonifacio: Ang Dakilang Anak-Pawis (1979) continued to be revived in later decades, with productions mounted almost yearly during the 1990s. These performances featured professional singers in leading roles, including Elmo Makil as Andrés Bonifacio and sopranos May Bayot and Lani Misalucha as Gregoria de Jesús. Commentators have further observed that Dadap’s portrayal of the Philippine Revolution gave particular prominence to women figures—especially Gregoria de Jesús and Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora)—whose roles are treated as integral to the dramatic narrative rather than as supporting figures. [61] In 2019, excerpts were performed by the Andres Bonifacio Concert Choir under his direction in a benefit concert supporting indigenous Aeta children. [62]

In 2013, the Manila Concert Choir included songs from Andres Bonifacio: Ang Dakilang Anak-Pawis in an all-Filipino concert commemorating the 150th birth anniversary of national hero Andrés Bonifacio. In an interview about the production, the choir’s leadership described Dadap’s musical as “perhaps the most beautiful musical about the national hero.” [63]

Dadap’s work has been formally integrated into Philippine music education. He is featured in Horizons: Grade 10 Learner’s Materials – Music and Arts Appreciation for Young Filipinos, a Department of Education–approved textbook used in public secondary schools nationwide. The textbook classifies Dadap among composers of experimental and contemporary “New Music” in the Philippines and presents his work alongside that of figures such as José Maceda, Lucrecia Kasilag, Ramon Santos, and Francisco Feliciano. A biographical section details his education and career, while multiple chapters reference his compositions in listening guides, classroom exercises, and evaluative activities on contemporary Philippine music and musical theater, including Andrés Bonifacio: Ang Dakilang Anak-Pawis. [64]

Critical assessment

Cultural journalist Amadís Ma. Guerrero, writing in the Philippine Daily Inquirer, described Dadap as a prolific composer whose music is shaped by nationalist, sacred, and romantic themes. Guerrero highlighted Dadap’s wide output since the early 1960s, including his role in bringing the rondalla and large-scale choral and theatrical works into the Philippine concert tradition, and identified Andrés Bonifacio: Ang Dakilang Anak-Pawis as a central work in his oeuvre. [6] In a later article, Guerrero also discussed Dadap’s symphonic cycle, noting its extended compositional span and the importance of personal dedication and spiritual reflection within his work. [4]

References

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  3. 1 2 Guerrero, Amadís Ma. (20 August 2018). "Composers Dadap hold ‘sentimental’ concerts in old Southern Leyte hometown". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Guerrero, Amadís Ma. (May 26, 2025). "The symphonies on Jerry Dadap's mind". Philippine Daily Inquirer. p. C2.
  5. ↑ Tariman, Pablo (March 18, 2002). "Coping with the Miserere in the performing arts". Philippine Daily Inquirer. p. D2.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Guerrero, Amadís Ma. (November 13, 2006). "A composer in these troubled times". Philippine Daily Inquirer. p. A26.
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  25. ↑ Hila, Antonio C. (December 10, 2007). "Choral concert highlights St. Stephen High School's classical music tradition". Philippine Daily Inquirer. p. D4.
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  30. 1 2 Dimalanta, Ophelia Alcantara. Lorenzo Ruiz, Escribano: A Play in Two Acts. Manila: University of Santo Tomas Publishing House, 2002. pp. ii-iii. ISBN 971-506-178-8.
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  38. ↑ "The Passionate and the Wild : symphonic poem". TUKLAS: University of the Philippines Library Catalog. Retrieved 1 January 2026.
  39. 1 2 LAHI (LP liner notes) (Media notes). Villar Records International Music Publishing. 1972.
  40. ↑ "Alay sa inang bayan : Choral symphonic ode no.1 for chorus, rondalla and orchestra". TUKLAS: UP Libraries' Resource Discovery Tool. Retrieved 30 December 2025.
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  43. ↑ "Death Steals Like a Thief (Dahil sa pagpanaw ng mahal sa buhay)". Hymnary.org. Retrieved 28 December 2025.
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  45. ↑ Feliciano, Francisco F. (1982). Buksan mo ang aming mga labi: mga awit na pangkoro. Quezon City, Philippines: New Day Publishers. ISBN   9711000210.
  46. ↑ Poethig, Eunice Blanchard, ed. (1972). Let’s Sing Christmas. Music editor: Jerry A. Dadap; Associate editor: Jan Deats. Quezon City, Philippines: New Day Publishers.
  47. ↑ "Naririto na naman ang Pasko (choral score)". TUKLAS: University of the Philippines Library Catalog. Retrieved 30 December 2025.
  48. ↑ Poethig, Eunice Blanchard, ed. (1972). O the Wonder. Wonder. Wonder of It All. Music editor: Jerry A. Dadap; Associate editor: Jan Deats. Quezon City, Philippines: New Day Publishers.
  49. ↑ National Music Competitions for Young Artists (2007). NAMCYA 2007: Music Competition Rules and Regulations. Manila: National Music Competitions for Young Artists.
  50. ↑ "The Jo-De-Ras Section". The Cabletow. Vol. XLIV, no. 4. Manila: The Cabletow, Inc. April 1968. p. 25.
  51. ↑ Pedalino, Bong (September 8, 2009). "Group honors Southern Leyteño composer, two others". Southern Leyte, Philippines: Philippine Information Agency.
  52. ↑ Maceda, José; Santos, Ramón; Kasilag, Lucrecia R.; Besa, Della G.; Goquingco, Leonor Orosa (2001). "Philippines (Republika ng Pilipinas)" . Grove Music Online (Updated 25 July 2013 ed.). Oxford University Press. Section III: Western art music. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.48467 . Retrieved 30 December 2025.
  53. ↑ Miller, Terry E.; Williams, Sean (2000). The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: Volume 4: Southeast Asia. Routledge. p. 875. ISBN   978-0-8240-6040-4.
  54. ↑ Santos, Ramon P. (1994). Musika: An Essay on the American Colonial and Contemporary Traditions in Philippine Music. Manila: Sentrong Pangkultura ng Pilipinas.
  55. ↑ Molina, Antonio J. (1967). Aspects of Philippine Culture: Music of the Philippines. Lecture presented under the auspices of the National Museum of the Philippines. Manila: National Museum of the Philippines. pp. 11–12.
  56. ↑ Chua, Xiao. "Ang kompositor sa pagbubuo ng bansa". Abante (in Tagalog). Retrieved 21 December 2025.
  57. ↑ "Bonifacio meets Wesley in classic choral face‑off". Lifestyle Inquirer. Inquirer.net. September 6, 2010. Retrieved December 21, 2025.
  58. ↑ Beltran, Benigno. "Benigno Beltran". Forum Weltkirche (in German). Forum Weltkirche / missio Aachen. Retrieved 27 December 2025.
  59. ↑ Santos, Tina G. (August 26, 2007). "Children's choir makes Smokey Mountain alive with the sound of music". Philippine Daily Inquirer. p. A20.
  60. ↑ Mandigma, Dee A. (March 20, 2009). "Finding Music amidst the rubbish". The Manila Times. Manila.
  61. ↑ Orozco, Wilhelmina S. (November 29, 2005). "Equal Quest; On the committed life". BusinessWorld. BusinessWorld Publishing Corporation.
  62. ↑ Guerrero, Amadís Ma. (July 13, 2019). "Final days of Bonifacio recalled in musical play". Lifestyle.Inquirer.net. Retrieved 2026-01-16.
  63. ↑ Valdez, Euden (November 21, 2013). "The musical ties that bind". The Manila Times. Manila.
  64. ↑ Sunico, Raul M.; Cabanban, Evelyn F.; Moran, Melissa Y. (2015). Horizons: Grade 10 Learner’s Materials – Music and Arts Appreciation for Young Filipinos. Quezon City, Philippines: Tawid Publications. ISBN   978-971-793-023-7.
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