James Edward Parco (born October 22, 1968) is a retired United States Air Force lieutenant colonel, professor, entrepreneur and corporate executive. While in the military, he emerged as a leading voice in the religious intolerance crisis, [1] at the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States. After leaving military service, he joined the faculty of Colorado College. In 2014, he founded Mesa Organics, a cannabis company based in Colorado, which was announced as the first merger in Colorado by a regulated cannabis operator to become a publicly traded company. Medicine Man Technologies [2] announced the merger in 2019 which was formalized in 2020 and rebranded as Schwazze, [3] which has become the largest regulated cannabis retailer operating in Colorado and New Mexico.
Parco was born in Pueblo, Colorado and attended the United States Air Force Academy as a student. He went on to earn his Master of Business Administration from The College of William & Mary and later, his doctorate from the University of Arizona studying under Amnon Rapoport and Nobel Laureate Vernon L. Smith.
He has published [4] widely in the fields of experimental economics, game theory and military culture. [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]
Parco served on the National Security Council at the White House during the Clinton Administration, overseas with the American Embassy in Tel Aviv and spent two tours as a faculty member at his alma mater.
Following retirement from the military, Parco co-founded a vertically integrated adult-use cannabis company in Pueblo, Colorado in 2014 that included a retail chain of dispensaries in southeast Colorado [10] combined with one of the largest cannabis oil producing companies in the regulated Colorado market using supercritical CO2 technology.
In 2016, Parco successfully engaged in a political campaign against cannabis prohibitionists to keep cannabis legal in Pueblo County, Colorado. [11]
He served as a tenured full professor of economics and business Colorado College where he was named Teacher of the Year in 2017. [12] He joined the Schwazze executive team following the merger as head of manufacturing [13] and later, named president of Schwazze Biosciences. [14]
After returning from overseas in 2003, Parco resumed his teaching post at the Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs where he began forwarding evidence of systemic evangelical proselytizing to the institution's chain of command. In 2005, following the ousting of Air Force chaplain Melinda Morton, the Air Force investigated the nationally publicized religious intolerance crisis, [15] and released a report [16] identifying a series of problems that led to the issuance of revised religious guidelines. He later co-authored a paper with Barry Fagin in the Humanist [17] proposing an Oath of Equal Character, and explaining the structural problems that likely led to the observed issues. In 2007, he was awarded the Thomas Jefferson National Award for the Preservation of Religious Freedom, [18] for his efforts by the Military Religious Freedom Foundation. He was subsequently reassigned to the Air Command and Staff College in 2007 where he ended his military career teaching courses in leadership and strategy. He received the Outstanding Faculty Award [19] from the Military Officers Association of America in 2009 and in 2010, he became the first military officer in the history of Air University to be promoted to the academic rank of full professor and later named educator of the year. He retired from active duty in 2011.
In 2014, Parco and his wife founded Mesa Organics, [20] a vertically integrated adult-use cannabis operation on the property in which is family has resided for five generations. In 2016, Parco successfully ran the "Vote No on 200" campaign [21] to keep cannabis legal in Pueblo County. [22] By 2018, working in conjunction with local growers, he created one of the largest supply chains for bulk cannabis oil in Colorado. In June 2019, Medicine Man Technologies signed a binding term sheet to acquire the Mesa Organics chain of dispensaries and Purplebee's, a large-scale cannabis extraction plant. [23] Parco announced his retirement from academia to join the executive team of Schwazze in April 2020.
Parco has authored several dozen papers [24] and six books to include the path-breaking manuscript, "For God and Country", [25] chronicling the growing religious fundamentalism in the US military and the first paper on the effects of pressure with supercritical CO2 extraction of cannabis. [26] He is a co-author of The 52nd Floor, [27] Echoes of Mind [28] and The Line [29] and a co-editor of Attitudes Aren't Free: Thinking Deeply About Diversity in the US Armed Forces (vol I), [30] The Rise and Fall of DADT [31] and Attitudes Aren't Free: A Call to Action (vol II). [32]
"Don't ask, don't tell" (DADT) was the official United States policy on military service of non-heterosexual people, instituted during the Clinton administration. The policy was issued under Department of Defense Directive 1304.26 on December 21, 1993, and was in effect from February 28, 1994, until September 20, 2011. The policy prohibited military personnel from discriminating against or harassing closeted homosexual or bisexual service members or applicants, while barring openly gay, lesbian, or bisexual persons from military service. This relaxation of legal restrictions on service by gays and lesbians in the armed forces was mandated by Public Law 103–160, which was signed November 30, 1993. The policy prohibited people who "demonstrate a propensity or intent to engage in homosexual acts" from serving in the armed forces of the United States, because their presence "would create an unacceptable risk to the high standards of morale, good order and discipline, and unit cohesion that are the essence of military capability".
Pueblo is a home rule municipality that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Pueblo County, Colorado, United States. The city population was 111,876 at the 2020 United States Census, making Pueblo the ninth most populous city in Colorado. Pueblo is the principal city of the Pueblo, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area and a major city of the Front Range Urban Corridor.
Pueblo Memorial Airport is a public airport located six miles east of Pueblo, in Pueblo County, Colorado, United States. It is primarily used for general aviation.
General William R. Looney III, USAF was the 28th Commander, Air Education and Training Command (AETC), Randolph Air Force Base, Texas. As commander, he was responsible for the recruiting, training and education of Air Force personnel. His command included the Air Force Recruiting Service, two numbered air forces and Air University. Air Education and Training Command consists of 13 bases, more than 66,000 active-duty members and 15,000 civilians. General Looney was succeeded by General Stephen R. Lorenz on July 2, 2008, and retired from the Air Force on August 1, 2008. Since his retirement from the Air Force, Looney has taken a position as a board member at Trident University International.
Drew Dennis Dix is a decorated United States military veteran and retired major in the United States Army. He received the Medal of Honor for his actions in the Vietnam War; he was the first enlisted Special Forces soldier to receive the medal.
The Military Religious Freedom Foundation (MRFF) is a non-profit organization that was founded in 2005 by Mikey Weinstein, a former Air Force officer and attorney. The organization's mission is to ensure that members of the United States Armed Forces are able to practice their religious beliefs without fear of discrimination or coercion, and to promote the separation of church and state within the military.
The Military Readiness Enhancement Act was a bill introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives in several sessions between 2005 and 2009. It would have amended title 10, United States Code to include a policy of nondiscrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, replacing the policy known as "Don't ask, don't tell" (DADT), which banned disclosing one's homosexuality while serving in the Armed Forces.
Officers' Christian Fellowship (OCF) is a nonprofit Christian parachurch organization of 17,000 U.S. Military officers, family members, and friends found at installations throughout the military. Founded in 1943, the organization's purpose remains to glorify God by uniting Christian officers for biblical fellowship and outreach, equipping and encouraging them to minister effectively in the military society. OCF operates Spring Canyon (CO) and White Sulphur Springs (PA), Christian camps and conference centers serving active duty military, veterans, enlisted soldiers, and families along with Christian church organizations. Although the Military Religious Freedom Foundation accused OCF of improper proselytization in 2008, journalist Jeff Sharlet reported that the Obama administration saw no significant problems with this organization or its activities.
The 469th Bombardment Group is a former United States Army Air Forces (AAF) unit. It was activated in May 1943 and served as a Replacement Training Unit until it was disbanded in April 1944 when the AAF reorganized its training and support units in the United States.
The United States military formerly excluded gay men, bisexuals, and lesbians from service. In 1993, the United States Congress passed, and President Bill Clinton signed, a law instituting the policy commonly referred to as "Don't ask, don't tell" (DADT), which allowed gay, lesbian, and bisexual people to serve as long as they did not reveal their sexual orientation. Although there were isolated instances in which service personnel were met with limited success through lawsuits, efforts to end the ban on openly gay, lesbian, and bisexual people serving either legislatively or through the courts initially proved unsuccessful.
Servicemembers United (SU) was an LGBT-interest organization dedicated to the repeal of the United States armed forces' gay-exclusionary policy, commonly known as "don't ask, don't tell" (DADT). The organization, formerly known as "Call to Duty", formed in 2005 by veterans.
Witt v. Department of the Air Force, 527 F.3d 806 is a federal lawsuit that challenged the constitutionality of 10 U.S.C. § 654, the law, since repealed, that excluded openly homosexual people from serving in the United States military, commonly known as "Don't ask, don't tell" (DADT). The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled in 2008 that under Lawrence v. Texas DADT constitutes an "[attempt] to intrude upon the personal and private lives of homosexuals" and it is subject to "heightened scrutiny", meaning that the government "must advance an important governmental interest, the intrusion must significantly further that interest, and the intrusion must be necessary to further that interest."
The Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 is a landmark United States federal statute enacted in December 2010 that established a process for ending the "don't ask, don't tell" (DADT) policy, thus allowing gay, lesbian, and bisexual people to serve openly in the United States Armed Forces. It ended the policy in place since 1993 that allowed them to serve only if they kept their sexual orientation secret and the military did not learn of their sexual orientation, which was controversial.
Chris Rodda is an American author and blogger, who has commented extensively on religious and historical matters. She is the Senior Research Director for the Military Religious Freedom Foundation (MRFF).
United States military chaplains hold positions in the armed forces of the United States and are charged with conducting religious services and providing counseling for their adherents. As of 2011, there are about 2,900 chaplains in the Army, among the active duty, reserve, and National Guard components.
A space force is a military branch of a nation's armed forces that conducts military operations in outer space and space warfare. The world's first space force was the Russian Space Forces, established in 1992 as an independent military service. However, it lost its independence twice, first being absorbed into the Strategic Rocket Forces from 1997–2001 and 2001–2011, then it merged with the Russian Air Force to form the Russian Aerospace Forces in 2015, where it now exists as a sub-branch. As of 2023 the world's only independent space force is the United States Space Force.
Derek L. S. Jones is an American Anglican bishop in the College of Bishops of the Anglican Church in North America (ACNA) and the Church of Nigeria. Jones would later be received into the ACNA in 2011 after affiliating with the Convocation of Anglicans in North America and Communion of Evangelical Episcopal Churches. He remained a bishop of CANA until its dissolution in 2020. As the first Bishop of the Diocese of the Armed Forces and Chaplaincy, he also serves as the Bishop of the Armed Forces and Chaplaincy for the Special Jurisdiction of the Armed Forces and Chaplaincy (ACNA). In his position as the Bishop Ordinary, he trains, educates, ordains and directs the activities of all Anglican Chaplains who require formal ecclesiastical endorsement for the ACNA, the Church of Nigeria North American Mission (CONNAM), and other participating Anglican bodies.
The Russian Aerospace Forces or Russian Air and Space Forces comprise the air and space branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Russia established the VKS as a new branch of its military on 1 August 2015 with the merging of the Russian Air Force (VVS) and the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces (VVKO), as recommended by the Ministry of Defence. The VKS has its headquarters in Moscow. Russia's Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu explained the merger as improving efficiency and logistical support.
The Chief of the Defense Staff is the professional head of the Armed Forces of Senegal. He/she is responsible for the administration and the operational control of the military of Senegal. The current chief is General of Air Corps Mbaye Cissé.