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Rosa Louise McCauley Parks was an American activist in the civil rights movement best known for her pivotal role in the Montgomery bus boycott. The United States Congress has honored her as "the first lady of civil rights" and "the mother of the freedom movement". Parks became a NAACP activist in 1943, participating in several high-profile civil rights campaigns. On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Parks rejected bus driver James F. Blake's order to vacate a row of four seats in the "colored" section in favor of a White passenger, once the "White" section was filled. Parks was not the first person to resist bus segregation, but the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) believed that she was the best candidate for seeing through a court challenge after her arrest for civil disobedience in violating Alabama segregation laws, and she helped inspire the Black community to boycott the Montgomery buses for over a year. The case became bogged down in the state courts, but the federal Montgomery bus lawsuit Browder v. Gayle resulted in a November 1956 decision that bus segregation is unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
The Montgomery bus boycott was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama. It was a foundational event in the civil rights movement in the United States. The campaign lasted from December 5, 1955—the Monday after Rosa Parks, an African-American woman, was arrested for her refusal to surrender her seat to a white person—to December 20, 1956, when the federal ruling Browder v. Gayle took effect, and led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws that segregated buses were unconstitutional.
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Jim Alexander is an American documentary photographer, photojournalist, activist, and teacher who is best known for being a "Participant Observer" and his photographs of human rights and black culture. In 1995, he was the first artist selected in the annual "Master Artist" program conducted by the City of Atlanta Department of Cultural Affairs. He would later be inducted into The HistoryMakers in 2006.
John W. Mosley was a self-taught photojournalist who extensively documented the everyday activities of the African-American community in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for more than 30 years, a period including both World War II and the civil rights movement. His work was published widely in newspapers and magazines including The Philadelphia Tribune, The Pittsburgh Courier and Jet magazine.
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References
- 1 2 3 4 Michaels, Ryan (February 5, 2022). "Jim Peppler's Photos from the Civil Rights Movement captured Black history in Alabama". al.
- 1 2 3 4 "CONTENTdm". digital.archives.alabama.gov.
- ↑ Burns, Rebecca (2011-01-04). Burial for a King: Martin Luther King Jr.'s Funeral and the Week that Transformed Atlanta and Rocked the Nation. Simon and Schuster. pp. 146, 163. ISBN 978-1-4391-4309-4.
- ↑ "Soulful scenes: A look at the 1960s and music through Jim Peppler's photography". The Montgomery Advertiser. 2017-06-25. pp. P6. Retrieved 2023-06-10.
- ↑ "Jim Peppler". Alabama Public Radio.
- ↑ "Suozzi Announces Hempstead Transit Center to be Renamed the Rosa Parks Hempstead Transit Center in Honor of Civil Rights Leader" (Press release). Nassau County. February 14, 2006. Archived from the original on January 7, 2009. Retrieved September 4, 2009.
- ↑ "Jim Peppler, Southern Courier photojournalist". The Bob Fitch Photography Archive - Spotlight at Stanford.