Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie was an Indonesian politician and engineer who served as the third president of Indonesia from 1998 to 1999. Less than three months after his inauguration as the seventh vice president in March 1998,he succeeded Suharto,who resigned after 32 years in office. Originating from Sulawesi with Gorontalese-Javanese ancestry,his presidency was seen as a landmark and transition to the Reform era.
The Regional Representative Council,is one of two parliamentary chambers in Indonesia. Together with the House of Representatives (DPR),it makes up the Indonesian national legislative body,the Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR). Under Indonesia's constitution,the authority of the DPD is limited to areas related to regional governments and can only propose and give advice on bills to the DPR. Unlike the DPR,the DPD has no direct law-making power. Its members are usually called senators instead of DPD members.
Muhammad Amien Rais is an Indonesian politician. He was one of the leaders of the reform movement that forced the resignation of President Suharto in 1998. Amien Rais was the leader of Muhammadiyah,one of the two biggest Muslim organizations in Indonesia,from 1995 to 2000. He was the Chairman of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) from 1999 to 2004. During his chairmanship,the MPR passed a series of amendments to the Constitution of Indonesia. These amendments,among other things,established direct presidential elections,a presidential term limit,and the Constitutional Court.
The term Government of the Republic of Indonesia can have a number of different meanings. At its widest,it can refer collectively to the three traditional branches of government –the executive branch,legislative branch and judicial branch. The term is also used colloquially to mean the executive and legislature together,as these are the branches of government responsible for day-to-day governance of the nation and lawmaking. At its narrowest,the term is used to refer to the executive branch in form of the Cabinet of Indonesia as this is the branch of government responsible for day-to-day governance.
Yusril Ihza Mahendra is an Indonesian lawyer,politician and academic,who is currently serving as the leader of the Crescent Star Party (PBB) since 2015. Previously,he served as the leader of the PBB from 1998 until 2005,Minister of Justice and Human Rights from 2004 until 2007,and member of the People's Representative Council from 1999 until 2009.
The People's Consultative Assembly of the Republic of Indonesia is the legislative branch in Indonesia's political system. It is composed of the members of the House of Representatives (DPR) and the Regional Representative Council (DPD). Before 2004,and the amendments to the 1945 Constitution,the MPR was the highest governing body in Indonesia.
The 1945 State Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia is the supreme law and basis for all laws of Indonesia.
The Indonesian Association of Muslim Intellectuals is a Muslim organization in Indonesia. Founded in 1990 by Indonesian Secretary of Research and Technology B. J. Habibie,the organisation is committed to fight against poverty and improve education in Indonesia.
The Judiciary of Indonesia constitutionally consists of the Supreme Court of Indonesia,the Constitutional Court of Indonesia,and the lesser court system under the Supreme Court. These lesser courts are categorically subdivided into the public courts,religious courts,state administrative courts,and military courts.
The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia is one of the apex courts in Indonesia along with the Indonesian Supreme Court. Its primary role is reviewing the constitutionality of Acts (undang-undang). It also has other functions,including resolving disputes over the powers of state institutions,settling disputes over the results of general elections,deciding on the dissolution of political parties,and supervising impeachment. The last two functions have never been exercised by the Court.
Mohammad Mahfud Mahmodin,commonly known as Mahfud MD,is an Indonesian politician,and legal academic who served as the 14th Coordinating Minister for Political,Legal,and Security Affairs of Indonesia from 2019 to 2024. He also previously served as the Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia,member of the People's Representative Council,Minister of Defense,and Minister of Law and Human Rights.
Patrialis Akbar is an advocate and politician who was member of the Constitutional Court Justice of the Indonesian Constitutional Court for the period 2013–2017 from Padang,West Sumatra. He has a complete career in three branches of state,legislative,executive and judicial power. He had served as a member of the House of Representatives for two periods.
Nurdin Halid is an Indonesian businessman,convicted corruption felon and politician. He is the deputy chairman of the Management Board of the Golkar Party and chairman of the Indonesian Cooperatives Council (DEKOPIN).
Hamdan Zoelva is an Indonesian politician and lawyer. He was the chief justice of the Indonesian Constitutional Court from 2013 to 2015,replacing Akil Mochtar whose appointment was terminated on bribery case during election dispute in Lebak Regency,Banten. He also has served as former leaders of the Crescent Star Party.
The chief justice of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia is the head of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia.
Arief Hidayat was the fifth Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia. Previously,he was a professor of law at his alma mater,Diponegoro University.
Anwar Usman is an Indonesian judge and jurist who was the sixth Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia. He was elected to the position on 2 April 2018,replacing Arief Hidayat. He previously served as the fifth Deputy Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia. Usman served on the Constitutional Court for four years prior to his confirmation as Deputy Chief Justice. Before replacing Arsyad Sanusi as a sitting justice on the court in April 2011,Usman was a high court judge in Jakarta as well as the manager of human resources at the Supreme Court of Indonesia.
Arsul Sani is an Indonesian politician who is currently serving as a justice of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia. He was appointed as a judge to replace Justice Wahiduddin Adams who retired in January 2024.
Saldi Isra is an Indonesian jurist and law professor. In April 2017,he became a Justice of the Indonesian Constitutional Court,one of the nation's two top courts. Prior to becoming Constitutional Court Justice,he was a professor of constitutional law at the Andalas University in his native West Sumatra. Throughout his academic career,he received awards in connection to his efforts against corruption in Indonesia.
