Siti Fadilah Supari

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Siti Fadilah Supari
Anggota Wantimpres Bidang Kesejahteraan & Kesehatan, Siti Fadilah Supari.png
17th Health Minister of Indonesia
In office
21 October 2004 –20 October 2009

On 3 August 2006, Supari made the unprecedented move by announcing that the Indonesian government will make genomic data on bird flu viruses accessible to anyone. Supari said, opening up global access could be the key to unlocking such vital information as to the origin of the virus, how it causes disease, how it is mutating, the sources of infection, and how to prevent or cure the virus. [5] "But in future cooperation on bird flu with other countries, the delivery of specimens should be regulated under Material Transfer Agreement documents as is commonly practised in scientific cooperation," Supari added. The Economist wrote, Supari started a revolution that could yet save the world from the ravages of a pandemic disease. That is because Indonesia's health minister has chosen a weapon that may prove more useful than today's best vaccines in tackling such emerging threats as avian flu: transparency. [6]

It was unclear at the time what prompted Supari to share data, given the widespread reluctance of countries affected by the H5N1 virus to share their data, out of fear such disclosure could trigger economic sanctions. [7] Just days before, an editorial published in Nature highlighted this problem with China's practice of belatedly publishing details of a case that tested positive for the virulent H5N1 strain in 2003 — contradicting the government's official line that none had occurred before November 2005. Although not mentioning Supari by name, the editorial also addressed a confirmation by the World Health Organization (WHO) that a cluster of eight cases [8] in an extended family in Northern Sumatra was the first unequivocal occurrence of limited human-to-human transmission of the H5N1 virus. [9]

On 22 August 2006, two weeks after Supari made her announcement, Nancy Cox, the director of the influenza division at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) communicated in a press release that following Indonesia's announcement, it too made genomic data on bird flu viruses publicly accessible. [10] The following day a correspondence letter appeared in Nature shedding light on what had triggered the sudden shift in Supari's stance and that of the CDC. The scientific community had just been introduced to Peter Bogner, the new driving force in the virus sharing debate. [11]

Supari would later describe in her book an affinity for Peter Bogner, his plea to her government to share its bird flu virus data and his concern when she annoyed the US administration at times. [12] Supari wrote, "he told me indirectly my speech had been too sharp," or "Peter Bogner has the capability to change the world's opinions." [13] A former broadcast executive at Time Warner, he was not only familiar with intellectual property issues, but more importantly, he was friendly with Supari's government following his role in the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami relief efforts. [14] He would turn out to be the mastermind behind the GISAID initiative, a mechanism devised and financed almost exclusively by him. [15]

When Supari attended the 61st World Health Assembly on 16 May 2008, the day GISAID's database was launched, Supari made available genetic H5N1 data alongside other countries like China and Russia. [16] [17] Within four months, this publicly accessible resource offered the world's most comprehensive collection of influenza data. [18]

Claiming Western governments could be developing viruses for dissemination in the developing world with the goal of generating business for pharmaceutical companies, Supari refused WHO researchers access to Indonesia's H5N1 bird flu virus samples in 2006. [19] Indonesia resumed sending some H5N1 samples to WHO after a new agreement that developing nations would get access to vaccines. [20]

2009 flu pandemic

During a press conference on 28 April 2009, Supari reassured the public over the government's response to the swine flu threat and responded to a question on the origin of the H1N1 virus and whether it could have been man-made. Supari stated she was not sure whether the virus was genetically engineered, but it is a possibility. [21] Several news outlets, among them Bloomberg News and the Times of India, reported about an investigation by the WHO into a claim by Australian researchers that the swine flu virus circling the globe may have been created as a result of human error. [22] [23] Australian virologists Adrian Gibbs, John Armstrong and Jean Downie suggested in a paper [24] published in the Virology Journal , the new H1N1 strain, may be the product of three strains from three continents that swapped genes in a lab or a vaccine-making plant, suggesting its origin could be more simply explained by human involvement than a coincidence of nature. [25]

On 12 May 2009, Supari expressed her dissatisfaction of seeing many foreign medical students in Indonesia. She asked Universitas Padjadjaran Rector, Bandung to cut down foreign student intake in phases especially from Malaysia while visiting Cicendo Eyes Hospital, Bandung. [26]

Supari was instrumental in the termination of the United States Naval Medical Research Unit Two presence in Jakarta, and NAMRU-2 departed Indonesia in 2010.[ citation needed ]

Personal life

Supari is a cardiology research specialist based in Jakarta. Supari was married for 36 years to Muhammad Supari until his death in March 2009. [27]

Corruption conviction

On 16 June 2017, Supari was convicted of corruption and sentenced to four years in jail. The Jakarta Corruption Court found she had accepted bribes related to the procurement of medical equipment for the Health Ministry's crisis centre in 2005. She was fined IDR 200 million (US$15,042), although her actions had caused IDR 6.15 billion in state losses. The court ruled she had abused her authority as a minister by accepting bribes of IDR 3.2 billion from two directors of PT Graha Ismaya in the form of traveller's checks. She was ordered to return IDR 550 million to the state after previously returning IDR 1.35 billion. Her former subordinate Rustam Pakaya was also sentenced to four years in jail over a 2007 procurement corruption case that caused IDR 21.3 billion in state losses. [28]

Books

Related Research Articles

<i>Influenza A virus</i> Species of virus

Influenza A virus (IAV) is a pathogen that causes the flu in birds and some mammals, including humans. It is an RNA virus whose subtypes have been isolated from wild birds. Occasionally, it is transmitted from wild to domestic birds, and this may cause severe disease, outbreaks, or human influenza pandemics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Avian influenza</span> Influenza caused by viruses adapted to birds

Avian influenza, also known as avian flu, is a bird flu caused by the influenza A virus, which can infect people. It is similar to other types of animal flu in that it is caused by a virus strain that has adapted to a specific host. The type with the greatest risk is highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Influenza A virus subtype H5N1</span> Subtype of influenza A virus

Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 (A/H5N1) is a subtype of the influenza A virus which can cause illness in humans and many other species. A bird-adapted strain of H5N1, called HPAI A(H5N1) for highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of type A of subtype H5N1, is the highly pathogenic causative agent of H5N1 flu, commonly known as avian influenza. It is enzootic in many bird populations, especially in Southeast Asia. One strain of HPAI A(H5N1) is spreading globally after first appearing in Asia. It is epizootic and panzootic, killing tens of millions of birds and spurring the culling of hundreds of millions of others to stem its spread. Many references to "bird flu" and H5N1 in the popular media refer to this strain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Swine influenza</span> Infection caused by influenza viruses endemic to pigs

Swine influenza is an infection caused by any of several types of swine influenza viruses. Swine influenza virus (SIV) or swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) refers to any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic in pigs. As of 2009, identified SIV strains include influenza C and the subtypes of influenza A known as H1N1, H1N2, H2N1, H3N1, H3N2, and H2N3.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Influenza A virus subtype H1N1</span> Subtype of Influenza A virus

In virology, influenza A virus subtype H1N1 (A/H1N1) is a subtype of influenza A virus. Major outbreaks of H1N1 strains in humans include the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic, the 1977 Russian flu pandemic and the 2009 swine flu pandemic. It is an orthomyxovirus that contains the glycoproteins hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), antigens whose subtypes are used to classify the strains of the virus as H1N1, H1N2 etc. Hemagglutinin causes red blood cells to clump together and binds the virus to the infected cell. Neuraminidase is a type of glycoside hydrolase enzyme which helps to move the virus particles through the infected cell and assist in budding from the host cells.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Influenza pandemic</span> Pandemic involving influenza

An influenza pandemic is an epidemic of an influenza virus that spreads across a large region and infects a large proportion of the population. There have been six major influenza epidemics in the last 140 years, with the 1918 flu pandemic being the most severe; this is estimated to have been responsible for the deaths of 50–100 million people. The 2009 swine flu pandemic resulted in under 300,000 deaths and is considered relatively mild. These pandemics occur irregularly.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Influenza A virus subtype H3N2</span> Virus subtype

Influenza A virus subtype H3N2 (A/H3N2) is a subtype of viruses that causes influenza (flu). H3N2 viruses can infect birds and mammals. In birds, humans, and pigs, the virus has mutated into many strains. In years in which H3N2 is the predominant strain, there are more hospitalizations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Global spread of H5N1</span> Spread of bird flu

The global spread of H5N1 influenza in birds is considered a significant pandemic threat. While other H5N1 influenza strains are known, they are significantly different on a genetic level from a recent, highly pathogenic, emergent strain of H5N1, which was able to achieve hitherto unprecedented global spread in 2008. The H5N1 strain is a fast-mutating, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI) found in multiple bird species. It is both epizootic and panzootic. Unless otherwise indicated, "H5N1" in this timeline refers to the recent highly pathogenic strain of H5N1.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transmission and infection of H5N1</span> Spread of an influenza virus

Transmission and infection of H5N1 from infected avian sources to humans has been a concern since the first documented case of human infection in 1997, due to the global spread of H5N1 that constitutes a pandemic threat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Influenza Genome Sequencing Project</span>

The Influenza Genome Sequencing Project (IGSP), initiated in early 2004, seeks to investigate influenza evolution by providing a public data set of complete influenza genome sequences from collections of isolates representing diverse species distributions.

OFFLU is the joint OIE-FAO global network of expertise on animal influenzas. OFFLU aims to reduce the negative impacts of animal influenza viruses by promoting effective collaboration between animal health experts and the human health sector. OFFLU analyzes and shares information and biological material to identify and reduce health threats early, and shares information about animal influenza viruses with the World Health Organization (WHO) to assist with the early preparation of human vaccines. It was established in 2005, initially to support the global effort to control H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Global spread of H5N1 in 2006</span>

The global spread of H5N1 in birds is considered a significant pandemic threat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Global spread of H5N1 in 2005</span>

The global spread of H5N1 in birds is considered a significant pandemic threat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fujian flu</span> Strains of influenza

Fujian flu refers to flu caused by either a Fujian human flu strain of the H3N2 subtype of the Influenza A virus or a Fujian bird flu strain of the H5N1 subtype of the Influenza A virus. These strains are named after Fujian, a coastal province in Southeast China.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GISAID</span> Global initiative for sharing virus data

GISAID, the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data, previously the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data, is a global science initiative established in 2008 to provide access to genomic data of influenza viruses. The database was expanded to include the coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as other pathogens. The database has been described as "the world's largest repository of COVID-19 sequences". GISAID facilitates genomic epidemiology and real-time surveillance to monitor the emergence of new COVID-19 viral strains across the planet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human mortality from H5N1</span>

Human mortality from H5N1 or the human fatality ratio from H5N1 or the case-fatality rate of H5N1 is the ratio of the number of confirmed human deaths resulting from confirmed cases of transmission and infection of H5N1 to the number of those confirmed cases. For example, if there are 100 confirmed cases of humans infected with H5N1 and 10 die, then there is a 10% human fatality ratio. H5N1 flu is a concern due to the global spread of H5N1 that constitutes a pandemic threat. The majority of H5N1 flu cases have been reported in southeast and east Asia. The case-fatality rate is central to pandemic planning. Estimates of case-fatality (CF) rates for past influenza pandemics have ranged from to 2-3% for the 1918 pandemic to about 0.6% for the 1957 pandemic to 0.2% for the 1968 pandemic. As of 2008, the official World Health Organization estimate for the case-fatality rate for the outbreak of H5N1 avian influenza was approximately 60%. Public health officials in Ontario, Canada argue that the true case-fatality rate could be lower, pointing to studies suggesting it could be 14-33%, and warned that it was unlikely to be as low as the 0.1–0.4% rate that was built into many pandemic plans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pandemrix</span> Flu vaccine

Pandemrix is an influenza vaccine for influenza pandemics, such as the 2009 flu pandemic. The vaccine was developed by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) and patented in September 2006.

The 2009 flu pandemic in the United States was caused by a novel strain of the Influenza A/H1N1 virus, commonly referred to as "swine flu", that was first detected on 15 April 2009. While the 2009 H1N1 virus strain was commonly referred to as "swine flu", there is no evidence that it is endemic to pigs or of transmission from pigs to people; instead, the virus spreads from person to person. On April 25, the World Health Organization declared a public health emergency, followed concurringly by the Obama administration on April 26.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2009 swine flu pandemic timeline</span>

This article covers the chronology of the 2009 novel influenza A (H1N1) pandemic. Flag icons denote the first announcements of confirmed cases by the respective nation-states, their first deaths, and relevant sessions and announcements of the World Health Organization (WHO), the European Union , and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pandemic H1N1/09 virus</span> Virus responsible for the 2009 swine flu pandemic

The pandemic H1N1/09 virus is a swine origin influenza A virus subtype H1N1 strain that was responsible for the 2009 swine flu pandemic. This strain is often called swine flu by the public media. For other names, see the Nomenclature section below.

References

  1. ↑ The Jakarta Post (26 April 2011). "Health Ministry being continuously picked on: Siti". The Jakarta Post.
  2. ↑ Jiang, Yuxia (20 March 2008). "Indonesia accuses U.S. of abusing bird flu virus". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on April 3, 2008. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
  3. ↑ Stephanie, Nebehay. "WHO hopes to resolve row on bird flu virus sharing".
  4. ↑ "Indonesia, Dr. Endang Rahayu Sedyaningsih, MPH, Dr. PH., Minister of Health". The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  5. ↑ Rukmantara, Arie (4 August 2006). "Bird flu data now open to all". The Jakarta Post . PT. Bina Media Tenggara. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  6. ↑ "A shot of transparency". The Economist. 10 August 2006.
  7. ↑ Branswell, Helen (4 August 2006). "With Indonesia's say so, WHO to share bird flu data with scientific community". The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . The Canadian Press. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  8. ↑ Global Alert and Response (31 May 2006). "Avian influenza – situation in Indonesia – update 16". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on June 15, 2006. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  9. ↑ "The time for sitting on flu data is over". Nature . 441 (1028): 1028. 29 June 2006. doi: 10.1038/4411028b . PMID   16810208.
  10. ↑ CDC Media Relations (22 August 2006). "CDC and APHL Make Influenza Virus Sequence Data Publicly Accessible". United States Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  11. ↑ Quirk, Mary (October 2006). "Non-WHO global initiative on sharing avian influenza data". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 6 (10): 621. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70589-8 . Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  12. ↑ Fadilah Supari, Siti (2008). It's Time for the World to Change: in the spirit of dignity, equity, and transparency: Divine Hand Behind Avian Influenza. Sulaksana Watinsa Indonesia. p. 127. ISBN   978-979-17357-0-4 . Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  13. ↑ Fadilah Supari, Siti (2008). It's Time for the World to Change: in the spirit of dignity, equity, and transparency: Divine Hand Behind Avian Influenza. Sulaksana Watinsa Indonesia. p. 40. ISBN   978-979-17357-0-4 . Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  14. ↑ Nicholas Zamiska; Betsy McKay; Almut Schoenfeld; Nonna Fomenko (31 August 2006). "A Nonscientist Pushes Sharing Bird-Flu Data". The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company, Inc. p. B1. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  15. ↑ "Influenza scientists, WHO face off in virus row". International Herald Tribune . The New York Times Company. AP. 3 October 2008. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  16. ↑ McDowell, Robin (16 May 2006). "Indonesia agrees to hand bird flu information to new online database". [The Associated Press]. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  17. ↑ Irwin, Rachel (Spring 2010). "Indonesia, H5N1, and Global Health Diplomacy". Global Health Governance. III (2). ISSN   1939-2389 . Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  18. ↑ Robin McDowell (3 October 2008). "Influenza scientists, WHO face off in virus row". The Jakarta Post . AP. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  19. ↑ Butler, Declan (2007-12-09). "Q&A: Siti Fadilah Supari". Nature News. 450 (7173): 1137. Bibcode:2007Natur.450.1137B. doi: 10.1038/4501137a . PMID   18097360. S2CID   4384824.
  20. ↑ Wulandari, Fitri (2007-02-16). "Indonesia to resume sending H5N1 samples to WHO". Reuters . Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on 2013-02-01.
  21. ↑ "Indonesian minister says swine flu could be man-made". ABS-CBN Interactive. Agence France-Presse. 28 April 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  22. ↑ Jason Gale; Simeon Bennett (13 May 2009). "Swine Flu May Be Human Error; WHO Investigates Claim". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  23. ↑ Kounteya Sinha (May 16, 2009). "H1N1 flu: WHO rubbishes lab test gone wrong theory". The Times of India . Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. Archived from the original on February 16, 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  24. ↑ Adrian J Gibbs; John S Armstrong; Jean C Downie (24 November 2009). "From where did the 2009 'swine-origin' influenza A virus (H1N1) emerge?" (PDF). Virology Journal. 6: 207. doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-6-207 . PMC   2787513 . PMID   19930669.
  25. ↑ Bennett, Simeon (24 November 2009). "Scientist Repeats Swine Flu Lab-Escape Claim in Published Study". Bloomberg News . Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  26. ↑ Rambu Kota (2009-05-12). "Menteri Minta Mahasiswa Kedokteran Asing Disetop". Rambu Kota. Indonesia. Menteri Kesehatan Siti Fadilah Supari mengaku kurang senang melihat banyaknya mahasiswa dari luar negeri belajar ilmu kedokteran di negeri ini....
  27. ↑ "Almarhum Ir Muhammad Supari, Suami Menkes Siti Fadilah Supari, akan Dimakamkan di Karawang". Badan Nasional Penempatan dan Perlindungan Tenaga Kerja Indonesia. Antara News Agency. 29 March 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  28. ↑ "Former Indonesian health minister sentenced to four years for accepting bribes". The Jakarta Post. 16 June 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
Political offices
Preceded by Minister of Health
20 August 2004 – 22 October 2009		Succeeded by
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