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The Yellow Turban Rebellion,alternatively translated as the Yellow Scarves Rebellion,was a peasant revolt during the late Eastern Han dynasty of ancient China. The uprising broke out in c. March 184 CE,during the reign of Emperor Ling. Although the main rebellion was suppressed by 185 CE,it took 21 years for full suppression of resistant areas and emerging rebellions by 205 CE. The weakening of the imperial court and the rising political influence of ultra-autonomous regional military-governors,who helped suppress the rebellion,eventually led to rampant warlord dominance and the resultant Three Kingdoms period.
Zhang Fei,courtesy name Yide,was a Chinese military general and politician serving under the warlord Liu Bei in the late Eastern Han dynasty and early Three Kingdoms period of China. Zhang Fei and Guan Yu,who were among the earliest to join Liu Bei,shared a brotherly relationship with their lord and accompanied him on most of his early exploits. Zhang Fei fought in various battles on Liu Bei's side,including the Red Cliffs campaign (208–209),takeover of Yi Province (212–214),and Hanzhong Campaign (217–218). He was assassinated by his subordinates in 221 after serving for only a few months in the state of Shu Han,which was founded by Liu Bei earlier that year.
Huang Zhong,courtesy name Hansheng,was a Chinese military general serving under the warlord Liu Bei during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He is best known for his victory at the Battle of Mount Dingjun in 219,in which his force routed that of an enemy general,Xiahou Yuan,who was killed in action during the raid.
Yan Yan was a Chinese military general and politician who served under Liu Zhang,the Governor of Yi Province,during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. Although there is very little information about Yan Yan in historical records,he is given a much prominent role in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms as a general who initially serves under Liu Zhang before switching allegiance to Liu Bei later.
Shi Xie (137–226),courtesy name Weiyan,also rendered as SĩNhiếp in Vietnamese,was a Chinese military general,politician,and warlord who lived during the Eastern Han dynasty and early Three Kingdoms period of China. He served as the Administrator of Jiaozhi Commandery in present-day northern Vietnam. The third-century historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi) is a major source of Chinese traditions concerning Shi Xie's life. He promoted Buddhism throughout his life. After his death,the Vietnamese attached many legends to him and honoured him as SĩVương in some temples.
Meng Da,courtesy name Zidu,was a military general of the state of Cao Wei during the early Three Kingdoms period of China. He previously served the warlords Liu Zhang and Liu Bei during the late Eastern Han dynasty before defecting to Wei. In Wei,he served under the first two rulers,Cao Pi and Cao Rui. Around late 227,he started a rebellion in Wei and aimed to rejoin the Shu-Han but the revolt was swiftly suppressed by the Wei general Sima Yi. Meng Da was captured and executed for treason.
Mi Fang,courtesy name Zifang,was a Chinese military general and politician serving under the warlord Liu Bei in the late Eastern Han dynasty. He was also the younger brother of Mi Zhu,who also served Liu Bei. In 219,Mi Fang surrendered to Liu Bei's ally-turned rival Sun Quan,directly resulting in the loss of Jing Province and the death of Guan Yu. The Australian Sinologist Rafe de Crespigny notes that Mi Fang had the remarkable record of serving each of the leaders of the Three Kingdoms during his lifetime.
Mi Zhu,courtesy name Zizhong,was a Chinese military general and politician who served under the warlord Liu Bei in the late Eastern Han dynasty,during the Three Kingdoms period,after Liu Bei founded the state of Shu Han. He was also Liu Bei's brother-in-law,as his sister,Lady Mi,married Liu Bei. Mi Zhu was essential to Liu Bei during the defeats of the latter,financing Liu Bei's army in critical times where there was no tax base. Mi Zhu was extremely well educated and helped Liu Bei develop relationships with wealthy rivals such as Yuan Shao,Yuan Shu and Liu Biao. He was also the elder brother of Mi Fang,who served Liu Bei as well until his defection to Liu Bei's ally-turned-rival Sun Quan in 220. Mi Zhu served Liu Bei loyally for more than 25 years,as a high civil official of Liu during all the later's tenures as governor of Xu,Jing and Yi provinces,the former's ideas were regularly and widely circulated to the common people which greatly helped Liu Bei's political movement as Han loyalist and Confucian but,historians would argue it mere rhetoric as Liu ruled more in the tradition of legalism. Nonetheless,Mi along with Jian Yong,Sun Qian,and later Yi Ji,greatly contributed to the Liu's populist movement to restore the Han dynasty through literature and essays. Mi Zhu was thought to be Liu's best friend and most favored subject,he died of illness a little over a year after Liu Bei declared himself emperor.
Zhang Yi,courtesy name Junsi,was an official of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China.
Dong Yun,courtesy name Xiuzhao,was a Chinese general and politician of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. His father,Dong He,also served as an official in Shu. Dong Yun was one of four persons who held positions equivalent to a head of government in Shu from 221 to 253;the other three were Zhuge Liang,Jiang Wan and Fei Yi.
Huan Jie,courtesy name Boxu,was a Chinese official who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty and served under the warlord Cao Cao. After the fall of the Eastern Han dynasty,he briefly served in the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period.
Yang Yi,courtesy name Weigong,was an official of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China.
Huo Yi,courtesy name Shaoxian,was a military general of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China. His father,Huo Jun,served under Liu Bei,the founding emperor of Shu. During his service under the Shu emperor Liu Shan,Huo Yi suppressed tribal rebellions in the restive Nanzhong region and maintained peace in the area. After Shu was conquered by its rival state Cao Wei in 263,Huo Yi surrendered to the Wei regime and was permitted to remain in charge of keeping the peace in Nanzhong. In return,Huo Yi became a Wei subject and continued serving under the Jin dynasty,which replaced the Wei regime in 266.
Sun Qian,sometimes known as Sun Gan,courtesy name Gongyou,was a Chinese diplomat and official serving under the warlord Liu Bei in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. His talent was noted by the scholar Zheng Xuan. Therefore,Liu Bei gave Sun Qian a position on his staff after he took Xu Province. Along with Jian Yong and Mi Zhu,Sun Qian frequently served as an ambassador for Liu Bei,most notably to Yuan Shao and Liu Biao. After Liu Bei took Yi Province,Sun Qian was promoted and held a rank equal to Jian Yong.
Ma Zhong,courtesy name Dexin,originally named Hu Du,was a military general of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Liu Bei was quite impressed by Ma Zhong and praised him highly,comparing him to the recently defected Huang Quan,Ma Zhong was trusted and respected by the following head of the government Zhuge Liang,Jiang Wan and Fei Yi. After Liu Bei's death,he served under Zhuge Liang during the Southern Campaign and helped to quell the rebellion. He was appointed as the area commander in the south after Li Hui's death. He spends most of his life pacify the region and protecting the people of the south often with the help of Zhang Ni. Ma Zhong was known as a generous and whimsical man but he was also decisive in handling affairs. Hence the southern tribes both feared him and respected him. His duty in the south could be comparable to Wang Ping in the north and Deng Zhi in the east. After his death,the foreigners sorely missed him and later established a temple in his honor.
The Battle of Ba was fought between the warlords Liu Bei and Cao Cao between December 215 and April 216 during the prelude to the Three Kingdoms period. Following his victory over Zhang Lu at Yangping,Cao Cao appointed Pu Hu (朴胡),Ren Yue (任約) and Du Huo (杜濩) as Administrator of the three Ba commanderies but they were defeated by Huang Quan. Zhang He would later try to relocate citizens from Ba to Hanzhong but was also defeated by Zhang Fei.
Yang Xi,courtesy name Wenran,was an official of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He is best known for writing the Ji Han Fuchen Zan,a collection of praises of notable persons who served in the Shu Han state. Chen Shou,the third-century historian who wrote the Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi),extensively quoted and annotated Yang Xi's collection.
Gong Lu (195–225),courtesy name Dexu,was an official of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China.
She Yuan,courtesy name Wenxiong,was an official of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China. She Yuan was among the 11 recorded officers of Liu Bei who persuaded him to declare himself "King of Hanzhong" (漢中王).
References
- Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
- Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo Yanyi).
- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).
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