An AI takeover is an imagined scenario in which artificial intelligence (AI) emerges as the dominant form of intelligence on Earth and computer programs or robots effectively take control of the planet away from the human species,which relies on human intelligence. Stories of AI takeovers remain popular throughout science fiction,but recent advancements have made the threat more real. Possible scenarios include replacement of the entire human workforce due to automation,takeover by a superintelligent AI (ASI),and the notion of a robot uprising. Some public figures,such as Stephen Hawking and Elon Musk,have advocated research into precautionary measures to ensure future superintelligent machines remain under human control.
Laws of robotics are any set of laws,rules,or principles,which are intended as a fundamental framework to underpin the behavior of robots designed to have a degree of autonomy. Robots of this degree of complexity do not yet exist,but they have been widely anticipated in science fiction,films and are a topic of active research and development in the fields of robotics and artificial intelligence.
Noel Sharkey is a computer scientist born in Belfast,Northern Ireland. He is best known to the British public for his appearances on television as an expert on robotics;including the BBC Two television series Robot Wars and Techno Games,and co-hosting Bright Sparks for BBC Northern Ireland. He is emeritus professor of artificial intelligence and robotics at the University of Sheffield.
Robot ethics,sometimes known as "roboethics",concerns ethical problems that occur with robots,such as whether robots pose a threat to humans in the long or short run,whether some uses of robots are problematic,and how robots should be designed such that they act 'ethically'. Alternatively,roboethics refers specifically to the ethics of human behavior towards robots,as robots become increasingly advanced. Robot ethics is a sub-field of ethics of technology,specifically information technology,and it has close links to legal as well as socio-economic concerns. Researchers from diverse areas are beginning to tackle ethical questions about creating robotic technology and implementing it in societies,in a way that will still ensure the safety of the human race.
The ethics of artificial intelligence is the branch of the ethics of technology specific to artificial intelligence (AI) systems.
Manuela Maria Veloso is the Head of J.P. Morgan AI Research &Herbert A. Simon University Professor Emeritus in the School of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University,where she was previously Head of the Machine Learning Department. She served as president of Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) until 2014,and the co-founder and a Past President of the RoboCup Federation. She is a fellow of AAAI,Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE),American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS),and Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). She is an international expert in artificial intelligence and robotics.
Dr Blay Whitby is a philosopher and technology ethicist,specialising in computer science,artificial intelligence and robotics. He is based at the University of Sussex,England.
Machine ethics is a part of the ethics of artificial intelligence concerned with adding or ensuring moral behaviors of man-made machines that use artificial intelligence,otherwise known as artificial intelligent agents. Machine ethics differs from other ethical fields related to engineering and technology. It should not be confused with computer ethics,which focuses on human use of computers. It should also be distinguished from the philosophy of technology,which concerns itself with technology's grander social effects.
Lethal autonomous weapons (LAWs) are a type of autonomous military system that can independently search for and engage targets based on programmed constraints and descriptions. LAWs are also known as lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS),autonomous weapon systems (AWS),robotic weapons or killer robots. LAWs may operate in the air,on land,on water,underwater,or in space. The autonomy of current systems as of 2018 was restricted in the sense that a human gives the final command to attack—though there are exceptions with certain "defensive" systems.
Shannon Vallor is an American philosopher of technology. She is the Baillie Gifford Chair in the Ethics of Data and Artificial Intelligence at the Edinburgh Futures Institute. She previously taught at Santa Clara University in Santa Clara,California where she was the Regis and Dianne McKenna Professor of Philosophy and William J. Rewak,S.J. Professor at SCU.
Kate Devlin,born Adela Katharine Devlin is a Northern Irish computer scientist specialising in Artificial intelligence and Human–computer interaction (HCI). She is best known for her work on human sexuality and robotics and was co-chair of the annual Love and Sex With Robots convention in 2016 held in London and was founder of the UK's first ever sex tech hackathon held in 2016 at Goldsmiths,University of London. She is Senior Lecturer in Social and Cultural Artificial Intelligence in the Department of Digital Humanities,King's College London and is the author of Turned On:Science,Sex and Robots in addition to several academic papers.
Algorithmic entities refer to autonomous algorithms that operate without human control or interference. Recently,attention is being given to the idea of algorithmic entities being granted legal personhood. Professor Shawn Bayern and Professor Lynn M. LoPucki popularized through their papers the idea of having algorithmic entities that obtain legal personhood and the accompanying rights and obligations.
Aimee van Wynsberghe is Alexander von Humboldt professor for "Applied Ethics of Artificial Intelligence" at the University of Bonn,Germany. As founder of the Bonn Sustainable AI Lab and director of the Institute for Science and Ethics,Aimee van Wynsberghe hosts every two years the Bonn Sustainable AI Conference.
Marina Denise Anne Jirotka is professor of human-centered computing at the University of Oxford,director of the Responsible Technology Institute,governing body fellow at St Cross College,board member of the Society for Computers and Law and a research associate at the Oxford Internet Institute. She leads a team that works on responsible innovation,in a range of ICT fields including robotics,AI,machine learning,quantum computing,social media and the digital economy. She is known for her work with Alan Winfield on the 'Ethical Black Box'. A proposal that robots using AI should be fitted with a type of inflight recorder,similar to those used by aircraft,to track the decisions and actions of the AI when operating in an uncontrolled environment and to aid in post-accident investigations.
Sandra Wachter is a professor and senior researcher in data ethics,artificial intelligence,robotics,algorithms and regulation at the Oxford Internet Institute. She is a former Fellow of The Alan Turing Institute.
Regulation of algorithms,or algorithmic regulation,is the creation of laws,rules and public sector policies for promotion and regulation of algorithms,particularly in artificial intelligence and machine learning. For the subset of AI algorithms,the term regulation of artificial intelligence is used. The regulatory and policy landscape for artificial intelligence (AI) is an emerging issue in jurisdictions globally,including in the European Union. Regulation of AI is considered necessary to both encourage AI and manage associated risks,but challenging. Another emerging topic is the regulation of blockchain algorithms and is mentioned along with regulation of AI algorithms. Many countries have enacted regulations of high frequency trades,which is shifting due to technological progress into the realm of AI algorithms.
Mariarosaria Taddeo is an Italian philosopher working on the ethics of digital technologies. She is Professor of Digital Ethics and Defence Technologies at the Oxford Internet Institute,University of Oxford and Dslt Ethics Fellow at the Alan Turing Institute,London.
Wendell Wallach is a bioethicist and author focused on the ethics and governance of emerging technologies,in particular artificial intelligence and neuroscience. He is a scholar at Yale University's Interdisciplinary Center for Bioethics,a senior advisor to The Hastings Center,a Carnegie/Uehiro Senior Fellow at the Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs,where he co-directs the "Artificial Intelligence Equality Initiative" with Anja Kaspersen. Wendell Wallach is also a fellow at the Center for Law and Innovation at the Sandra Day O'Connor School of Law at Arizona State University. He has written two books on the ethics of emerging technologies.:"Moral Machines:Teaching Robots Right from Wrong" (2010) and "A Dangerous Master:How to Keep Technology from Slipping Beyond Our Control" (2015). Wallach speaks eloquently about his professional,personal and spiritual journey,as well as some of the biggest conundrums facing humanity at the wake of the bio/digital revolution in this podcast published by the Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs (CCEIA).
Kay Firth-Butterfield is a lawyer,professor,and author specializing in the intersection of artificial intelligence,international relations,Business and AI ethics. She is the CEO of the Centre for Trustworthy Technology which is a Member of the World Economic Forum's Forth Industrial Revolution Network. Before starting her new position Kay was the head of AI and machine learning at the World Economic Forum. She was an adjunct professor of law at the University of Texas at Austin.
Alan Winfield is a British engineer and educator. He is Professor of Robot Ethics at UWE Bristol,Honorary Professor at the University of York,and Associate Fellow in the Cambridge Centre for the Future of Intelligence. He chairs the advisory board of the Responsible Technology Institute,University of Oxford.
