John Crump | |
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Alma mater | University of Otago (MB ChB, MD) London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (DTM&H) Contents
Duke University (Fellowship) US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Epidemic Intelligence Service) |
Awards | James H. Steele Veterinary Public Health Award (US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005) Bailey K. Ashford Medal (American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2012) Chalmers Medal (Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2022) |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Infectious diseases Medical microbiology |
Institutions | University of Otago US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Duke University |
Thesis | HIV prevention, treatment, and care in sub-Saharan Africa (Doctor of Medicine, 2012) |
Website | https://www.otago.ac.nz/profiles/professor-john-crump |
John Andrew Crump MB ChB, MD, DTM&H, FRACP, FRCPA, FRCP is a New Zealand-born infectious diseases physician, medical microbiologist, and epidemiologist. He is Professor of Medicine, Pathology, and Global Health at the University of Otago [1] and an adjunct professor of medicine, Pathology, and Global Health at Duke University. [2] He served as inaugural co-director of the Otago Global Health Institute, [3] one of the university's research centres. [4] His primary research interest is fever in the tropics, focusing on invasive bacterial diseases and bacterial zoonoses. [1]
Crump was born in Oamaru and raised on a farm at Okaramio, attending Havelock School [5] and Marlborough Boys’ College. [6] He graduated MB ChB in 1993 and received his MD [7] [8] in 2013 for research on clinical and laboratory aspects of HIV in Tanzania from the University of Otago Medical School. Crump trained as both an internist in infectious diseases and as a pathologist in medical microbiology in New Zealand, England, [9] Australia and the US, and as an Epidemic Intelligence Service Officer with the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC). [1]
Crump studies the diagnosis, management, and prevention of infectious causes of fever in the tropics other than malaria. [10] He has advocated for a comprehensive approach to investigating febrile illness as a necessary progression from the traditional disease-specific approach in tropical medicine. [11] He has contributed to describing the problem of malaria over-diagnosis, [12] and also to appreciation of range of neglected causes of fever including invasive bacterial diseases, [13] [14] as well as bacterial zoonoses such as leptospirosis and Q fever. [15] [16] [17] Much of his research is trans-disciplinary involving close collaboration between human health experts, veterinarians, ecologists, and social scientists, and following the so-called 'One Health' approach. [18] [19] He has led work characterizing the burden of typhoid fever, [20] [21] paratyphoid fever, [20] [21] and invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease [22] [23] that has contributed to diagnosis, management, and prevention efforts for these diseases, including vaccine deployment [24] and vaccine development. [25] He served as expert advisor on invasive Salmonella disease to the World Health Organization Foodborne Diseases Epidemiology Reference Group, [26] and as a member of the WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization Working Group on Typhoid Vaccines. [27]
Crump has a research interest in ethics in global health training, spurred by concern for the unintended consequences of expansion of short-term global health training opportunities in low-resource areas. [28] With Dr. Jeremy Sugarman, Crump co-chaired the Wellcome Trust-funded Working Group on Ethics Guidelines for Global Health Training (WEIGHT) that developed initial guidelines for responsible global health training programs. [29] Crump has also highlighted the value of cosmopolitan principles and the challenges posed by health nationalism in global health responses. [30]
Crump was awarded the 2005 US CDC James H. Steele Veterinary Public Health Award [31] for outstanding contributions in the investigation, control, or prevention of zoonotic diseases or other animal-related human health problems. In 2012, Crump received the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Bailey K. Ashford Medal [32] for distinguished work in tropical medicine. Crump was awarded the 2021 University of Otago Dunedin School of Medicine Dean's Medal for Research Excellence. [33] In 2022, Crump was awarded the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Chalmers Medal for research of outstanding merit in tropical medicine and mentoring of junior investigators. [34]
As of December 2023, Crump had published >300 scientific manuscripts, cited >50,000 times. [35] He is a 2020 cross-field Clarivate Highly Cited Researcher, defined as having multiple papers ranked in the top 1% by citations for field and year.
Lassa fever, also known as Lassa hemorrhagic fever, is a type of viral hemorrhagic fever caused by the Lassa virus. Many of those infected by the virus do not develop symptoms. When symptoms occur they typically include fever, weakness, headaches, vomiting, and muscle pains. Less commonly there may be bleeding from the mouth or gastrointestinal tract. The risk of death once infected is about one percent and frequently occurs within two weeks of the onset of symptoms. Of those who survive, about a quarter have hearing loss, which improves within three months in about half of these cases.
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects humans and other vertebrates. Human malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever, fatigue, vomiting, and headaches. In severe cases, it can cause jaundice, seizures, coma, or death. Symptoms usually begin 10 to 15 days after being bitten by an infected Anopheles mosquito. If not properly treated, people may have recurrences of the disease months later. In those who have recently survived an infection, reinfection usually causes milder symptoms. This partial resistance disappears over months to years if the person has no continuing exposure to malaria.
Typhoid fever, also known as typhoid, is a disease caused by Salmonella serotype Typhi bacteria. Symptoms vary from mild to severe, and usually begin six to 30 days after exposure. Often there is a gradual onset of a high fever over several days. This is commonly accompanied by weakness, abdominal pain, constipation, headaches, and mild vomiting. Some people develop a skin rash with rose colored spots. In severe cases, people may experience confusion. Without treatment, symptoms may last weeks or months. Diarrhea may be severe, but is uncommon. Other people may carry it without being affected, but are still contagious. Typhoid fever is a type of enteric fever, along with paratyphoid fever. S. enterica Typhi is believed to infect and replicate only within humans.
Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus. Symptoms typically begin 3 to 14 days after infection. These may include a high fever, headache, vomiting, muscle and joint pains, and a characteristic skin itching and skin rash. Recovery generally takes two to seven days. In a small proportion of cases, the disease develops into a more severe dengue hemorrhagic fever, resulting in bleeding, low levels of blood platelets and blood plasma leakage, or into dengue shock syndrome, where dangerously low blood pressure occurs.
Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped (bacillus) gram-negative bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The two known species of Salmonella are Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori. S. enterica is the type species and is further divided into six subspecies that include over 2,600 serotypes. Salmonella was named after Daniel Elmer Salmon (1850–1914), an American veterinary surgeon.
The fecal–oral route describes a particular route of transmission of a disease wherein pathogens in fecal particles pass from one person to the mouth of another person. Main causes of fecal–oral disease transmission include lack of adequate sanitation, and poor hygiene practices. If soil or water bodies are polluted with fecal material, humans can be infected with waterborne diseases or soil-transmitted diseases. Fecal contamination of food is another form of fecal-oral transmission. Washing hands properly after changing a baby's diaper or after performing anal hygiene can prevent foodborne illness from spreading.
Salmonella enterica is a rod-shaped, flagellate, facultative anaerobic, Gram-negative bacterium and a species of the genus Salmonella. It is divided into six subspecies, arizonae (IIIa), diarizonae (IIIb), houtenae (IV), salamae (II), indica (VI), and enterica (I). A number of its serovars are serious human pathogens; many of them are serovars of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica.
An asymptomatic carrier is a person or other organism that has become infected with a pathogen, but shows no signs or symptoms.
Gastroenteritis, also known as infectious diarrhea or simply as gastro, is an inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract including the stomach and intestine. Symptoms may include diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Fever, lack of energy, and dehydration may also occur. This typically lasts less than two weeks. Although it is not related to influenza, in the U.S. it is sometimes called the "stomach flu".
Tropical diseases are diseases that are prevalent in or unique to tropical and subtropical regions. The diseases are less prevalent in temperate climates, due in part to the occurrence of a cold season, which controls the insect population by forcing hibernation. However, many were present in northern Europe and northern America in the 17th and 18th centuries before modern understanding of disease causation. The initial impetus for tropical medicine was to protect the health of colonial settlers, notably in India under the British Raj. Insects such as mosquitoes and flies are by far the most common disease carrier, or vector. These insects may carry a parasite, bacterium or virus that is infectious to humans and animals. Most often disease is transmitted by an insect bite, which causes transmission of the infectious agent through subcutaneous blood exchange. Vaccines are not available for most of the diseases listed here, and many do not have cures.
Paratyphoid fever, also known simply as paratyphoid, is a bacterial infection caused by one of three types of Salmonella enterica. Symptoms usually begin 6–30 days after exposure and are the same as those of typhoid fever. Often, a gradual onset of a high fever occurs over several days. Weakness, loss of appetite, and headaches also commonly occur. Some people develop a skin rash with rose-colored spots. Without treatment, symptoms may last weeks or months. Other people may carry the bacteria without being affected; however, they are still able to spread the disease to others. Typhoid and paratyphoid are of similar severity. Paratyphoid and typhoid fever are types of enteric fever.
An attenuated vaccine is a vaccine created by reducing the virulence of a pathogen, but still keeping it viable. Attenuation takes an infectious agent and alters it so that it becomes harmless or less virulent. These vaccines contrast to those produced by "killing" the pathogen.
Typhus, also known as typhus fever, is a group of infectious diseases that include epidemic typhus, scrub typhus, and murine typhus. Common symptoms include fever, headache, and a rash. Typically these begin one to two weeks after exposure.
Zika virus is a member of the virus family Flaviviridae. It is spread by daytime-active Aedes mosquitoes, such as A. aegypti and A. albopictus. Its name comes from the Ziika Forest of Uganda, where the virus was first isolated in 1947. Zika virus shares a genus with the dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, and West Nile viruses. Since the 1950s, it has been known to occur within a narrow equatorial belt from Africa to Asia. From 2007 to 2016, the virus spread eastward, across the Pacific Ocean to the Americas, leading to the 2015–2016 Zika virus epidemic.
Oyewale Tomori is a Nigerian professor of virology, educational administrator, and former vice chancellor of Redeemer's University.
Edward Thomas Ryan is an American microbiologist, immunologist, and physician at Harvard University and Massachusetts General Hospital. Ryan served as president of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene from 2009 to 2010. Ryan is Professor of Immunology and Infectious Diseases at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School, and Director of Global Infectious Diseases at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Ryan's research and clinical focus has been on infectious diseases associated with residing in, immigrating from, or traveling through resource-limited areas. Ryan is a Fellow of the American Society of Microbiology, the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, the American College of Physicians, and the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
In 2000, typhoid fever caused an estimated 21.7 million illnesses and 217,000 deaths. It occurs most often in children and young adults between 5 and 19 years old. In 2013, it resulted in about 161,000 deaths – down from 181,000 in 1990. Infants, children, and adolescents in south-central and Southeast Asia experience the greatest burden of illness. Outbreaks of typhoid fever are also frequently reported from sub-Saharan Africa and countries in Southeast Asia. In the United States, about 400 cases occur each year, and 75% of these are acquired while traveling internationally.
Melita Alison Gordon is a gastroenterologist who works on invasive gut pathogens and tropical gastrointestinal disease. She leads the Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Salmonella and Enterics Group. Gordon was awarded the British Society of Gastroenterology Sir Francis Avery Jones Research Medal in 2011.
David R. Murdoch is a New Zealand academic specialising in paediatric infectious diseases, especially pneumonia. He has also worked on Legionnaires' disease and has advised the Oxford University vaccine group and the New Zealand government on COVID-19. Murdoch served as Vice-Chancellor of the University of Otago between February 2022 and June 2023.
David A. Fidock, is the CS Hamish Young Professor of Microbiology and Immunology and Professor of Medical Sciences at Columbia University Irving Medical Center in Manhattan.
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