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The cell nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells usually have a single nucleus,but a few cell types,such as mammalian red blood cells,have no nuclei,and a few others including osteoclasts have many. The main structures making up the nucleus are the nuclear envelope,a double membrane that encloses the entire organelle and isolates its contents from the cellular cytoplasm;and the nuclear matrix,a network within the nucleus that adds mechanical support.
The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes (endomembranes) that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments,or organelles. In eukaryotes the organelles of the endomembrane system include:the nuclear membrane,the endoplasmic reticulum,the Golgi apparatus,lysosomes,vesicles,endosomes,and plasma (cell) membrane among others. The system is defined more accurately as the set of membranes that forms a single functional and developmental unit,either being connected directly,or exchanging material through vesicle transport. Importantly,the endomembrane system does not include the membranes of plastids or mitochondria,but might have evolved partially from the actions of the latter.
A peroxisome (IPA:[pɛɜˈɹɒksɪˌsoʊm]) is a membrane-bound organelle,a type of microbody,found in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. Peroxisomes are oxidative organelles. Frequently,molecular oxygen serves as a co-substrate,from which hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is then formed. Peroxisomes owe their name to hydrogen peroxide generating and scavenging activities. They perform key roles in lipid metabolism and the reduction of reactive oxygen species.
A human pathogen is a pathogen that causes disease in humans.
Protein targeting or protein sorting is the biological mechanism by which proteins are transported to their appropriate destinations within or outside the cell. Proteins can be targeted to the inner space of an organelle,different intracellular membranes,the plasma membrane,or to the exterior of the cell via secretion. Information contained in the protein itself directs this delivery process. Correct sorting is crucial for the cell;errors or dysfunction in sorting have been linked to multiple diseases.
Secretion is the movement of material from one point to another,such as a secreted chemical substance from a cell or gland. In contrast,excretion is the removal of certain substances or waste products from a cell or organism. The classical mechanism of cell secretion is via secretory portals at the plasma membrane called porosomes. Porosomes are permanent cup-shaped lipoprotein structures embedded in the cell membrane,where secretory vesicles transiently dock and fuse to release intra-vesicular contents from the cell.
A nuclear localization signalorsequence (NLS) is an amino acid sequence that 'tags' a protein for import into the cell nucleus by nuclear transport. Typically,this signal consists of one or more short sequences of positively charged lysines or arginines exposed on the protein surface. Different nuclear localized proteins may share the same NLS. An NLS has the opposite function of a nuclear export signal (NES),which targets proteins out of the nucleus.
Herpesviridae is a large family of DNA viruses that cause infections and certain diseases in animals,including humans. The members of this family are also known as herpesviruses. The family name is derived from the Greek word ἕρπειν,referring to spreading cutaneous lesions,usually involving blisters,seen in flares of herpes simplex 1,herpes simplex 2 and herpes zoster (shingles). In 1971,the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) established Herpesvirus as a genus with 23 viruses among four groups. As of 2020,115 species are recognized,all but one of which are in one of the three subfamilies. Herpesviruses can cause both latent and lytic infections.
The Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology (MPIIB) is a non-university research institute of the Max Planck Society located in the heart of Berlin in Berlin-Mitte. It was founded in 1993. Arturo Zychlinsky is currently the Managing Director. The MPIIB is divided into nine research groups,two partner groups and two Emeritus Groups of the founding director Stefan H. E. Kaufmann and the director emeritus Thomas F. Meyer. The department "Regulation in Infection Biology" headed by 2020 Nobel laureate Emmanuelle Charpentier was hived off as an independent research center in May 2018. The Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens is now administratively independent of the Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology. In October 2019,Igor Iatsenko and Matthieu Domenech de Cellès established their research groups at the institute,Mark Cronan started his position as research group leader in March 2020. Silvia Portugal joined the institute in June 2020 as Lise Meitner Group Leader. Two more research groups where added in 2020,Felix M. Key joined in September and Olivia Majer in October,completing the reorganization of the Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology. Simone Reber joined as Max Planck Fellow in 2023 and now heads the research group Quantitative Biology.
Nucleoporins are a family of proteins which are the constituent building blocks of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). The nuclear pore complex is a massive structure embedded in the nuclear envelope at sites where the inner and outer nuclear membranes fuse,forming a gateway that regulates the flow of macromolecules between the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm. Nuclear pores enable the passive and facilitated transport of molecules across the nuclear envelope. Nucleoporins,a family of around 30 proteins,are the main components of the nuclear pore complex in eukaryotic cells. Nucleoporin 62 is the most abundant member of this family. Nucleoporins are able to transport molecules across the nuclear envelope at a very high rate. A single NPC is able to transport 60,000 protein molecules across the nuclear envelope every minute.
Nuclear pore complex protein Nup98-Nup96 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NUP98 gene.
Nucleoporin 214 (Nup2014) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NUP214 gene.
Peroxisome biogenesis factor 1,also known as PEX1,is a protein which in humans is encoded by the PEX1 gene.
In biology,a pathogen,in the oldest and broadest sense,is any organism or agent that can produce disease. A pathogen may also be referred to as an infectious agent,or simply a germ.
Susan Wente is an American cell biologist and academic administrator currently serving as the 14th President of Wake Forest University. From 2014 to 2021 she was Provost and Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs at Vanderbilt University. Between August 15,2019 and June 30,2020,she served as interim Chancellor at Vanderbilt.
Gene gating is a phenomenon by which transcriptionally active genes are brought next to nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) so that nascent transcripts can quickly form mature mRNA associated with export factors. Gene gating was first hypothesised by Günter Blobel in 1985. It has been shown to occur in Saccharomyces cerevisiae,Caenorhabditis elegans,Drosophila melanogaster as well as mammalian model systems.
Amit Singh is an Indian microbiologist and an associate professor at the Department of Microbiology and cell biology of the Indian Institute of Science. A Wellcome-DBT Senior Fellow,Singh is known for his studies on the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. His research focuses on exploring the mechanisms behind the persistence of human pathogens like disease and HIV.
Katharina Ribbeck is a German-American biologist. She is the Andrew (1956) and Erna Viterbi Professor of Biological Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She is known as one of the first researchers to study how mucus impacts microbial behavior. Ribbeck investigates both the function of mucus as a barrier to pathogens such as fungi,bacteria,and viruses and how mucus can be leveraged for therapeutic purposes. She has also studied changes that cervical mucus undergoes before birth,which may lead to a novel diagnostic for the risk of preterm birth.
The woolly monkey hepatitis B virus (WMHBV) is a viral species of the Orthohepadnavirus genus of the Hepadnaviridae family. Its natural host is the woolly monkey (Lagothrix),an inhabitant of South America categorized as a New World primate. WMHBV,like other hepatitis viruses,infects the hepatocytes,or liver cells,of its host organism. It can cause hepatitis,liver necrosis,cirrhosis,and hepatocellular carcinoma. Because nearly all species of Lagothrix are threatened or endangered,researching and developing a vaccine and/or treatment for WMHBV is important for the protection of the whole woolly monkey genus.
Michael P Rout is a molecular and cellular biologist. He is the George and Ruby deStevens Professor and Head of the Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology at The Rockefeller University,as well as the Director of the National Center for Dynamic Interactome Research (NCDIR).
References
- ↑ "Faculty".
- ↑ "PATHOBIOLOGY FACULTY".
- ↑ "Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry" (PDF).
- ↑ "John Aitchison, PhD".
- ↑ "John Aitchison Professor, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research".
- ↑ "Rockefeller researchers characterize yeast nuclear pore complex".
- ↑ "University Staff" (PDF).
- ↑ "People".
- ↑ "Team".
- ↑ "John Aitchison".
- ↑ "Genome-Wide Analysis of Effectors of Peroxisome Biogenesis".
- ↑ "John Aitchison Ph.D., McMaster University Adjunct Professor".
- ↑ "Cell Cycle Regulated Transport Controlled by Alterations in the Nuclear Pore Complex".
- ↑ "Virtual gating and nuclear transport: the hole picture".
- ↑ "The multifunctional nuclear pore complex: a platform for controlling gene expression".
- ↑ "The Promise of Systems Biology Approaches for Revealing Host Pathogen Interactions in Malaria".
- ↑ "Viral protein engagement of GBF1 induces host cell vulnerability through synthetic lethality".
- ↑ "Peroxisomes take shape".
- ↑ "John Aitchison, PhD Seattle Children's Hospital".
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