Related Research Articles
Proposition 200,the "Arizona Taxpayer and Citizen Protection Act",was an Arizona state initiative passed in 2004 that basically requires:(a) persons to provide proof of citizenship to register to vote;(b) voters to present a photo identification before receiving a ballot at the polling place;and (c) state and local agencies to verify the identity and eligibility,based on immigration status,of applicants for non-federally mandated public benefits. The proposition also makes it a misdemeanor for public officials to fail to report violations of U.S. immigration law by applicants for those public benefits and permits private lawsuits by any resident to enforce its provisions related to public benefits. The requirement to provide proof of citizenship to register to vote was later ruled invalid in federal court.
A chimichanga is a deep-fried burrito that is common in Tex-Mex and other Southwestern U.S. cuisine. The dish is typically prepared by filling a flour tortilla with various ingredients,most commonly rice,cheese,beans,and a meat such as machaca,carne adobada,carne seca,or shredded chicken,and folding it into a rectangular package. It is then deep-fried,and can be accompanied by salsa,guacamole,or sour cream.
Ethnic studies,in the United States,is the interdisciplinary study of difference—chiefly race,ethnicity,and nation,but also sexuality,gender,and other such markings—and power,as expressed by the state,by civil society,and by individuals.
Tucson Unified School District (TUSD) is the largest school district of Tucson,Arizona,in terms of enrollment. Dr. Gabriel Trujillo is the superintendent,appointed on September 12,2017,by the Governing Board. As of 2016,TUSD had more than 47,670 students. As of Fall 2012,according to Superintendent John Pedicone,TUSD had 50,000 students. District enrollment has declined over the last 10 years and TUSD lost 1,700 to 2,000 students per year for the two or three years prior to 2012.
Chicano studies,also known as Chicano/a studies,Chican@ studies, or Xicano studies originates from the Chicano Movement of the late 1960s and 1970s,and is the study of the Chicano and Latino experience. Chicano studies draws upon a variety of fields,including history,sociology,the arts,and Chicano literature. The area of studies additionally emphasizes the importance of Chicano educational materials taught by Chicano educators for Chicano students.
Thomas Charles Horne is an American politician,attorney,businessman,and activist who has served as the Arizona Superintendent of Public Instruction since 2023 and previously from 2003 to 2011. A member of the Republican Party,he was Attorney General of Arizona from 2011 to 2015. Horne ran for reelection as Attorney General but lost to Mark Brnovich in the 2014 Republican primary.
Arizona is a landlocked state in the Southwestern region of the United States. Arizona is part of the Four Corners region with Utah to the north,Colorado to the northeast,and New Mexico to the east;its other neighboring states are Nevada to the northwest,California to the west and the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California to the south and southwest. It is the 6th-largest and the 14th-most-populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix.
The Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act is a 2010 legislative Act in the U.S. state of Arizona that was the broadest and strictest anti-illegal immigration law in the United States when passed. It has received international attention and has spurred considerable controversy.
The 2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Arizona were held on Tuesday,November 6,2012,to elect the nine U.S. representatives from the state,one from each of the state's nine congressional districts,including the newly created 9th district following the 2010 United States census. The elections coincided with other federal and state elections,including a quadrennial presidential election,and a U.S. Senate election. Primary elections were held on August 28,2012.
Precious Knowledge is a 2011 educational and political documentary that centers on the banning of the Mexican-American Studies (MAS) Program in the Tucson Unified School District of Arizona. The documentary was directed by Ari Luis Palos and produced by Eren Isabel McGinnis,the founders of Dos Vatos Productions.
A general election was held in the U.S. state of Arizona on November 4,2014. All of Arizona's executive officers were up for election as well as all of Arizona's nine seats in the United States House of Representatives. Primary elections were held on August 26,2014.
The Mexican American Studies Department Programs (MAS) provide courses for students attending various elementary,middle,and high schools within the Tucson Unified School District (TUSD). Some key components of the MAS program include student support,curriculum content,teacher professional development,and parent and community involvement. In the past,programs helped Chicana/o and Latina/o students graduate,pursue higher education,and score higher test scores. A study found that "100 percent of those students enrolled in Mexican-American studies classes at Tucson High were graduating,and 85 percent were going on to college."
Operation Streamline is a joint initiative of the Department of Homeland Security and Department of Justice in the United States,started in 2005,that adopts a "zero-tolerance" approach to unauthorized border-crossing by criminally prosecuting those perpetrating it. Up to 70 people are tried at the same time,sometimes wearing shackles in the courtroom. Entering without inspection is a misdemeanor,and re-entering after deportation is a felony.
A general election was held in the U.S. state of Arizona on November 6,2018. All of Arizona's executive offices were up for election as well as a United States Senate seat and all of Arizona's nine seats in the United States House of Representatives. The Republican Party won the majority of statewide offices,albeit by much narrower margins than in previous elections,while the Democratic Party picked up three statewide offices.
Richard A. Carranza is an American educator who was the Chancellor of the New York City Department of Education from 2018 to 2021. He was appointed by Mayor de Blasio after Alberto M. Carvalho publicly turned down the job in March 2018. He previously ws the superintendent of the Houston Independent and the San Francisco Unified School Districts. He is Chief of Strategy and Global Development at IXL.
Librotraficante was an American protest movement. It began in response to a 2012 decision by the Arizona Superintendent for Public Instruction calling for the removal of books from classes that "promote the overthrow of the United States government,foster racial and class-based resentment,favor one ethnic group over another,or advocate ethnic solidarity". Protesters organized a caravan which transported more than 1,000 banned books into Arizona. The caravan was relaunched in 2017 to coincide with a hearing about ethnic-studies courses in the Arizona Supreme Court. The protest received the Robert B. Downs Intellectual Freedom Award at the American Library Association's Midwinter meeting in 2013.
Roberto Cintli Rodríguez was a Mexican-American journalist,columnist,poet,author,and academic of Mexican American Studies at the University of Arizona.
The 2018 Arizona Superintendent of Public Instruction election took place on November 6,2018,to elect the Arizona Superintendent of Public Instruction,concurrently with the election of Arizona's Class I U.S. Senate seat,as well as other elections to the United States Senate in other states and elections to the United States House of Representatives and various state and local elections.
Pensamiento Serpentino is a poem by Chicano playwright Luis Valdez originally published by Cucaracha Publications,which was part of El Teatro Campesino,in 1973. The poem famously draws on philosophical concepts held by the Mayan people known as In Lak'ech,meaning "you are the other me." The poem also draws,although less prominently,on Aztec traditions,such as through the appearance of Quetzalcoatl. The poem received national attention after it was illegally banned as part of the removal of Mexican American Studies Programs in Tucson Unified School District. The ban was later ruled unconstitutional.
María Luisa Legarra Urquides was an American educator and proponent of bilingual education. She spent her life in the US state of Arizona,but influenced national educational policies. Urquides served in local and federal roles,and received numerous awards and recognitions for her educational leadership and community work. She has been referred to as the "Mother of Bilingual Education" in the United States. She was inducted into the Arizona Women's Hall of Fame in 2002.
References
- 1 2 3 Fehr-Snyder, Kerry (2011-01-08). "New Arizona schools chief John Huppenthal tackles tough issues". Arizona Republic . Retrieved 2011-01-12.
- 1 2 Schmuck, Frank. "Huppenthal's Bio". Schmuck Fest. Archived from the original on 2015-01-06.
- ↑ "1992 Arizona Secretary of State canvas results" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-20. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
- ↑ "Project Vote Smart – Senator John Huppenthal – Biography". Archived from the original on 2005-02-18.
- ↑ Sunnucks, Mike (August 24, 2004). "McCain helps Huppenthal, tech group backs Mead in key race". The Business Journal of Phoenix. Archived from the original on 2010-08-04.
- ↑ "Arizona Secretary of State 2004 Primary Canvas results" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-10-22.
- ↑ Templar, Le. "Huppenthal recall drive ends". East Valley Tribune. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
- ↑ "Huppenthal recall". Archived from the original on 2006-11-30. Retrieved 2006-12-02.
- ↑ Biggers, Jeff (September 28, 2011). "AZ School Chief Compares Mexican-American Studies to Hitler Jugend (As He Endorses White Supremacist-Backed Candidate)". Huffington Post. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
- ↑ "Who's afraid of 'The Tempest'?". Salon.com . 14 January 2012.
- ↑ "Rejected in Tucson". The New York Times. January 21, 2012.
- ↑ "House Bill 2281" (PDF). Arizona Legislature. 2010. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
- 1 2 3 "Format Document". Arizona Legislature.
- ↑ Biggers, Jeff (June 17, 2011). "Did Arizona Education Chief Huppenthal Commit a Felony in Growing Ethnic Studies Scandal?". Huffington Post. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
- ↑ "Diane Douglas sworn in today - KGUN9". Archived from the original on 2015-01-09. Retrieved 2015-01-06.
- ↑ Planas, Roque (January 5, 2015). "Teaching Hip Hop Illegally Promotes Ethnic Solidarity, Arizona Official Says". Huffington Post.
- ↑ Nevarez, Griselda (February 8, 2013). "Mexican American Studies Are Back". Huffington Post.
- ↑ Depenbrock, Julie (August 22, 2017). "Federal Judge Finds Racism Behind Arizona Law Banning Ethnic Studies". NPR.org. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
- ↑ Stuart, Hunter (19 June 2010). "John Huppenthal, Keith Wagner Interview: AZ State Senator Schooled by High School Student (VIDEO)". HuffPost UK Politics. Archived from the original on April 6, 2018. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
- ↑ Safier, David (June 11, 2014). "Does John Huppenthal Write Blog Comments As Thucydides and Falcon9?". Tucson Weekly . Retrieved July 19, 2022.
- ↑ Roberts, Laurie (June 24, 2014). "John Huppenthal: all Spanish media should be silenced". The Arizona Republic . Retrieved July 19, 2022.
- ↑ Hendley, Matthew (June 24, 2014). "More John Huppenthal Comments Surface, Including His Proposed Ban on Spanish". Archived from the original on June 28, 2014.
- ↑ Lemons, Stephen (June 17, 2014). "John Huppenthal's Top Ten
(Alleged)Comments as a Sock Puppet (w/Update)". Archived from the original on June 19, 2014. - 1 2 Doktor Zoom (June 19, 2014). "Arizona Schools Chief Super Busy Penning Anonymous Blog Comments About Poor People, Lazy Pigs (Same Thing)". Wonkette . Retrieved July 19, 2022.
- 1 2 Creno, Cathryn (June 18, 2014). "School Superintendent Huppenthal acknowledges anonymous blog posts". The Arizona Republic . Retrieved July 19, 2022.
- ↑ Rendall, Steve (June 27, 2014). "Racism in Politics Too Often Goes Unreported". Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting . Retrieved July 19, 2022.
- ↑ AZCentral staff (June 16, 2014). "Arizona blogger busts schools chief's anonymous online posts". The Arizona Republic . Retrieved July 19, 2022.
- ↑ Faller, Mary Beth; Creno, Cathryn (June 25, 2014). "Huppenthal breaks down in tears over blog posts". The Arizona Republic . Retrieved July 19, 2022.
- ↑ Christie, Bob (June 26, 2014). "Arizona Official Offers Teary Apology For Racist Blog Posts, Won't Resign". Huffington Post . Archived from the original on April 27, 2015.
