Jon Sobrino | |
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Born | |
Ecclesiastical career | |
Religion | Christianity (Roman Catholic) |
Church | Latin Church |
Academic background | |
Alma mater |
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Influences | |
Academic work | |
Discipline | Theology |
Sub-discipline | Christology |
School or tradition | Latin American liberation theology |
Institutions | Central American University |
Notable works |
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Jon Sobrino SJ (born 1938) is a Spanish Jesuit Catholic priest and theologian,known mostly for his contributions to Latin American liberation theology. He received worldwide attention in 2007 when the Vatican's Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith issued a notification for what they termed doctrines that are "erroneous or dangerous and may cause harm to the faithful."
Born 27 December 1938 into a Basque family in Barcelona,Sobrino entered the Society of Jesus when he was 18. The following year,in 1958,he was sent to El Salvador. He later studied engineering at Saint Louis University,an American Jesuit university,and then theology at Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology in Frankfurt in West Germany for his Doctor of Theology (Dr.theol.) degree. Returning to El Salvador,he taught at the Jesuit-run University of Central America (UCA) in San Salvador,which he helped to found.
On 16 November 1989 he narrowly escaped the murder of the UCA scholars by the Atlacatl Battalion,an elite unit of the Salvadoran Army. By a coincidence,he was away from El Salvador when members of the military broke into the rectory at the UCA and brutally murdered his six fellow Jesuits,Ignacio Ellacuría,Segundo Montes,Juan Ramón Moreno,Ignacio Martín-Baró,Amando López,and Joaquín López y López,as well as their housekeeper Elba Ramos and her 16-year-old daughter Celina Ramos. The Jesuits were targeted for their outspoken work to bring a resolution to the brutal El Salvador Civil War that left about 75,000 men,women,and children dead,mostly civilians.
Investigated by the Vatican throughout his career as a professor of theology,he has remained an outspoken proponent of peace,joining protests in 2008 of the continued training of Latin American military officers in torture techniques at the School of the Americas at Fort Benning. [2]
Sobrino's main works are Jesus the Liberator (1991) and its sequel Christ the Liberator (1999),along with Christology at the Crossroads (1978),The True Church and the Poor (1984),Spirituality of Liberation (1990),The Principle of Mercy:Taking the Crucified People from the Cross (Orbis,1994),No Salvation Outside the Poor,and Prophetic-Utopian Essays (Orbis,2008). [2]
Because of the theological positions he took in his works,Sobrino was the subject of a theological notification;a critique statement and an admonishment by the Vatican and the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith in March 2007.
The congregation declared that Sobrino placed too great an emphasis on the human nature of Jesus Christ,downplaying Jesus' divine nature,and that his "works contain propositions which are either erroneous or dangerous and may cause harm to the faithful."
While certain of his teachings were declared false,the congregation did not condemn or censure him,or prohibit him from teaching or lecturing. However,Federico Lombardi at the Vatican Press Office hinted at the possibility that his bishop or superior in the Jesuit order might choose to take action. [3]
The congregation emphasized in the notification that it was issued as part of its service "to the people of God,and particularly to the simple and poorest members of the Church." They emphasized the people's "right to know the truth ... about Christ" and therefore their corresponding duty to intervene. The notification was premised on Benedict XVI's teaching that "the first poverty among people is not to know Christ."
According to the Notification,Sobrino's erroneous propositions concerned:"1) the methodological presuppositions on which the Author bases his theological reflection,2) the Divinity of Jesus Christ,3) the Incarnation of the Son of God,4) the relationship between Jesus Christ and the Kingdom of God,5) the Self-consciousness of Jesus,and 6) the salvific value of his Death." [3]
At the root of what the Vatican saw as Sobrino's error is his affirmation that "the 'Church of the poor' is the ecclesial 'setting' of Christology and offers it its fundamental orientation." However,the Vatican believes that it is "only the apostolic faith which the Church has transmitted through all generations that constitutes the ecclesial setting of Christology and of theology in general." [3]
Contrary to criticisms that the Vatican acted without due consultation and unfairly,the Vatican says that a Notification is made after notifying the author of the statements that are seen to be problematic and after awaiting a reply from the author who is given 3 months whereby to respond. [4]
Retired professor of theology Peter Hünermann (then Tübingen,Germany) [5] declared in April 2007 that the Vatican notification was a "shock" for all theologians,because along with Sobrino "the most distinguished exegetes and systematic theologians –both Catholic and Protestant –stood in the dock". [6] Supported by more than 100 professors of Catholic theology,Hünermann also demanded an "intelligent redevelopment" of the Vatican Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith,because,as successor organization of the Holy Office,it still had the structure of an "early modern board of censors". [7]
Sobrino's work was reviewed by a number of theologians,including Bernard Sesboüé ,JoséIgnacio González Faus ,Javier Vitoria,Carlo Palacio of Belo Horizonte,and Martin Maier,editor of the German Jesuit periodical Stimmen der Zeit . These theologians found no doctrinal errors in Sobrino's works. It is not apparent that their findings have been considered by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. [8] [9]
Jacques Dupuis was a Belgian Jesuit priest and theologian. He spent several decades in India and taught at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome.
Liberation theology is a Christian theological approach emphasizing the liberation of the oppressed. It engages in socio-economic analyses,with social concern for the poor and political liberation for oppressed peoples and addresses other forms of inequality,such as race or caste.
The Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith (DDF) is the oldest among the departments of the Roman Curia. Its seat is the Palace of the Holy Office in Rome. It was founded to defend the Catholic Church from heresy and is the body responsible for promulgating and defending Catholic doctrine.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Christian theology:
Ignacio Ellacuría was a Spanish-Salvadoran Jesuit,philosopher,and theologian who worked as a professor and rector at the Universidad Centroamericana "JoséSimeón Cañas" (UCA),a Jesuit university in El Salvador founded in 1965. He and several other Jesuits and two others were assassinated by Salvadoran soldiers in the closing years of the Salvadoran Civil War.
Pedro Arrupe Gondra,SJ was a Spanish Basque priest who served as the 28th Superior General of the Society of Jesus from 1965 to 1983. He has been called a second founder of the Society,as he led the Jesuits in the implementation of the Second Vatican Council,especially with regard to faith that does justice and preferential option for the poor.
Gustavo Gutiérrez Merino is a Peruvian philosopher,Catholic theologian,and Dominican priest,regarded as one of the founders of Latin American liberation theology. He currently holds the John Cardinal O'Hara Professorship of Theology at the University of Notre Dame,and has previously been a visiting professor at many major universities in North America and Europe.
Edward Cornelis Florentius Alfonsus Schillebeeckx was a Belgian Catholic theologian born in Antwerp. He taught at the Catholic University in Nijmegen. He was a member of the Dominican Order. His books on theology have been translated into many languages,and his contributions to the Second Vatican Council made him known throughout the world.
Francis Alfred Sullivan was an American Catholic theologian and a Jesuit priest,best known for his research in the area of ecclesiology and the magisterium.
JoséSimeón Cañas Central American University,also known as UCA El Salvador,is a private Catholic university with nonprofit purposes in San Salvador,El Salvador. It is operated by the Society of Jesus.
Christian theological praxis is a term used by most liberation theologians to express how the Gospel of Jesus Christ is to be lived in the world.
Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology is a higher education Jesuit college in Frankfurt am Main,Germany.
The option for the poor,or the preferential option for the poor,is a principle of Catholic social teaching,explicitly articulated in the latter half of the 20th century. The concept was first articulated within Latin American liberation theology,and was championed by many Latin American Christian democratic parties at the time. It is also a theological emphasis in Methodism.
Luis Francisco Ladaria Ferrer is a Spanish Jesuit,theologian and a cardinal of the Catholic Church. After a thirty-year career teaching theology,he joined the Roman Curia in 2004 as Secretary-General of the International Theological Commission. He was made an archbishop when named secretary of the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF) in 2008 and served as its prefect from 2017 to 2023. He was raised to the rank of cardinal in 2018.
Roger Haight is an American Jesuit theologian and former president of the Catholic Theological Society of America. He is regarded as a knowledgeable and pioneering theologian,whose experiences with censorship have led to widespread debate over how to handle controversial ideas in the Catholic church today.
Gerhard Ludwig Müller is a German cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as the Cardinal-Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF) from his appointment by Pope Benedict XVI in 2012 until 2017. Pope Francis elevated him to the rank of cardinal in 2014.
Roberto Segundo Goizueta is a Cuban American Catholic theologian currently holding the Margaret O'Brien Flatley Chair in Catholic Theology at Boston College. Some of his specialties include Latino(a) theology and Christology.
A notification by the Holy See is an official announcement by a department of the Holy See,the leadership of the Catholic Church in Rome.
JoséMaría Vigil Gallego is a Latin American theologian who has played a significant role in the fields of liberation theology and spirituality,the theology of religious pluralism and the emergence of new paradigms. He has been a Claretian missionary since 1964 and a Catholic priest since 1971. He is a naturalised Nicaraguan and currently lives in Panama. He is known for his numerous writings,his editorial and online activity,his service to the Association of Theologians of the Third World (EATWOT),the coordination of Koinonia Services and the International Latin American Agenda,his theology of religious pluralism and,in recent years,his contributions to a ”new paradigms”theological perspective.
Latin American liberation theology is a synthesis of Christian theology and Marxian socio-economic analyses,that emphasizes "social concern for the poor and political liberation for oppressed peoples". Beginning in the 1960s after the Second Vatican Council,liberation theology became the political praxis of Latin American theologians such as Gustavo Gutiérrez,Leonardo Boff,and Jesuits Juan Luis Segundo and Jon Sobrino,who popularized the phrase "preferential option for the poor". It arose principally as a moral reaction to the poverty and social injustice in the region,which Cepal,a leftist think tank,deemed the most unequal in the world.