Joseph P. Buckley is the president of John E. Reid and Associates, an American company based in Chicago, which trains law enforcement and others in The Reid Technique of Interviewing and Interrogation, which is focused on obtaining confessions.
After a B.A. degree in English from Catholic Loyola University in 1971, Buckley met John E. Reid socially, and joined his company in 1971. In 1973, Buckley was awarded an MS in "Detection of Deception" by Reid College. [1] The college was a short-lived state-approved professional school, based on a six-month polygraph licensing course in Illinois set up by Reid. [2]
In 1982, Buckley succeeded Reid as president. [3] [4] Buckley assisted with the third edition of 'Criminal Confessions and Interrogations', known as the Reid Manual. He became the lead author for the fourth and fifth editions, along with Brian Jayne. [5]
Buckley has trained people in the US government, including the US Office of Research Integrity and the US Food and Drug Administration. [6] He also marketed the techniques to schools and led training courses for educators. [7]
His office was directly involved in the original interrogations of Juan Riviera in 1992, eventually resulting in their largest lawsuit settlement as of 2015. [8] Buckley was personally involved in the case against Brendan Dassey in 2007. [9] In response to criticism from Dassey's trial lawyer Mark Fremgen, as shown in a popular documentary, Making a Murderer, Buckley denied that the techniques necessarily cause false confessions especially by youth. [10] Buckley has been accused by professor Steven Drizin, Dassey's postconviction attorney, of not accepting how much the Reid techniques induce false confessions, but Buckley has pointed to examples where he supported clemency, such as the case of Robert Paul Davis. [11]
A polygraph, often incorrectly referred to as a lie detector test, is a pseudoscientific device or procedure that measures and records several physiological indicators such as blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin conductivity while a person is asked and answers a series of questions. The belief underpinning the use of the polygraph is that deceptive answers will produce physiological responses that can be differentiated from those associated with non-deceptive answers; however, there are no specific physiological reactions associated with lying, making it difficult to identify factors that separate those who are lying from those who are telling the truth.
Interrogation is interviewing as commonly employed by law enforcement officers, military personnel, intelligence agencies, organized crime syndicates, and terrorist organizations with the goal of eliciting useful information, particularly information related to suspected crime. Interrogation may involve a diverse array of techniques, ranging from developing a congenial rapport with the subject to torture.
The Reid technique is a method of interrogation after investigation and behavior analysis. The system was developed in the United States by John E. Reid in the 1950s. Reid was a polygraph expert and former Chicago police officer. The technique is known for creating a high pressure environment for the interviewee, followed by sympathy and offers of understanding and help, but only if a confession is forthcoming. Since its spread in the 1970s, it has been widely utilized by police departments in the United States.
Seth Paul Waxman is an American lawyer who served as the 41st Solicitor General of the United States from 1997 to 2001. He is the co-chairman of the appellate and Supreme Court litigation practice group at the law firm Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr. As of 2022, he has appeared before the Supreme Court more than 80 times.
Steven Allan Avery is an American convicted murderer from Manitowoc County, Wisconsin, who had previously been wrongfully convicted in 1985 of sexual assault and attempted murder. After serving 18 years of a 32-year sentence, Avery was exonerated by DNA testing and released in 2003, only to be charged in another murder case two years later.
A false confession is an admission of guilt for a crime which the individual did not commit. Although such confessions seem counterintuitive, they can be made voluntarily, perhaps to protect a third party, or induced through coercive interrogation techniques. When some degree of coercion is involved, studies have found that subjects with highly sophisticated intelligence or manipulated by their so-called "friends" are more likely to make such confessions. Young people are particularly vulnerable to confessing, especially when stressed, tired, or traumatized, and have a significantly higher rate of false confessions than adults. Hundreds of innocent people have been convicted, imprisoned, and sometimes sentenced to death after confessing to crimes they did not commit—but years later, have been exonerated. It was not until several shocking false confession cases were publicized in the late 1980s, combined with the introduction of DNA evidence, that the extent of wrongful convictions began to emerge—and how often false confessions played a role in these.
In the law of criminal evidence, a confession is a statement by a suspect in crime which is adverse to that person. Some secondary authorities, such as Black's Law Dictionary, define a confession in more narrow terms, e.g. as "a statement admitting or acknowledging all facts necessary for conviction of a crime," which would be distinct from a mere admission of certain facts that, if true, would still not, by themselves, satisfy all the elements of the offense. The equivalent in civil cases is a statement against interest.
Lie detection is an assessment of a verbal statement with the goal to reveal a possible intentional deceit. Lie detection may refer to a cognitive process of detecting deception by evaluating message content as well as non-verbal cues. It also may refer to questioning techniques used along with technology that record physiological functions to ascertain truth and falsehood in response. The latter is commonly used by law enforcement in the United States, but rarely in other countries because it is based on pseudoscience.
Saul Kassin is an American academic, who serves as a professor of psychology at the City University of New York's John Jay College of Criminal Justice and Massachusetts Professor Emeritus of Psychology at Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts.
David Frank Hamilton is a senior United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. He was previously a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana. On March 17, 2009, he became President Barack Obama's first judicial nominee when he was named for a seat on the Seventh Circuit. He was confirmed by the Senate on November 19, 2009, in a 59–39 vote.
Frazier v. Cupp, 394 U.S. 731 (1969), was a United States Supreme Court case that affirmed the legality of deceptive interrogation tactics by the police.
Adrian P. Thomas was a father of seven children living in Troy, New York, when, in September 2008, his four-month-old son died. A preliminary medical examination indicated that the infant died from head trauma. The police interrogated Thomas for nearly 10 hours during which he confessed to throwing his son on the bed three times. The entire interrogation was videotaped. He was charged with second-degree murder, found guilty, and sentenced to 25 years to life in prison.
Juan A. Rivera Jr. is an American man who was wrongfully convicted three times for the 1992 rape and murder of 11-year-old Holly Staker in Waukegan, Illinois. He was convicted twice on the basis of a confession that he said was coerced. No physical evidence linked him to the crime scene. In 2015 he received a $20 million settlement from Lake County, Illinois for wrongful conviction, formerly the largest settlement of its kind in United States history.
Making a Murderer is an American true crime documentary television series written and directed by Laura Ricciardi and Moira Demos. The show tells the story of Steven Avery, a man from Manitowoc County, Wisconsin, who served 18 years in prison (1985–2003) after his wrongful conviction for the sexual assault and attempted murder of Penny Beerntsen. He was later charged with and convicted of the 2005 murder of Teresa Halbach. The connected story is that of Avery's nephew Brendan Dassey, who was accused and convicted as an accessory in the murder of Halbach.
Brendan Ray Dassey is an American prisoner from Manitowoc County, Wisconsin, who was convicted of being a party to first-degree murder, mutilation of a corpse, and second-degree sexual assault. He was sentenced to life in prison with the earliest possibility of parole in 2048. A videotaped interrogation and confession when he was 16, which he recanted, was central to his trial. Parts were shown in the Netflix documentary series Making a Murderer (2015). The series examined the 2005–2007 investigation, pretrial publicity, and trials of Dassey and his uncle, Steven Avery, who was convicted of murdering the photographer Teresa Halbach on October 31, 2005. No forensic trace of Dassey was found at any alleged crime scene.
The Center on Wrongful Convictions youth clinic, part of the Center on Wrongful Convictions within Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law's Bluhm Legal Clinic, is a non-profit legal clinic that represents children thought to have been convicted of crimes they did not commit. Co-founded by Northwestern Law Professor Steven Drizin and directed by Professor Laura Nirider, it was the first organization in the world to focus exclusively on wrongfully convicted children. Through its research, scholarship, teaching, and advocacy, the Center has developed expertise in the problem of false confessions, police interrogation practices, and constitutional doctrine governing the interrogation room.
Steven A. Drizin is an American lawyer and academic. He is a Clinical Professor of Law at the Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law in Chicago, where he has been on the faculty since 1991. At Northwestern, Drizin teaches courses on Wrongful Convictions and Juvenile Justice. He has written extensively on the topics of police interrogations and false confessions. Among the general public, Drizin is known for his ongoing representation of Brendan Dassey, one of the protagonists in the Netflix documentary series, Making a Murderer.
Laura Nirider is an American attorney and legal scholar working as an associate professor of law and the co-director of the Center on Wrongful Convictions at Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law. An expert on law relating to false confessions, Nirider specializes in representing young people who confessed to crimes that it is thought they did not commit, and working to reform the process of police interrogation. Nirider's work gained international visibility following her involvement in several high-profile cases involving juvenile confessions. Her clients have included Brendan Dassey, whose case was profiled on the Netflix documentary Making a Murderer, and who is still in prison, and Damien Echols of the West Memphis Three, whose case was profiled on the HBO series Paradise Lost and the documentary West of Memphis, who was freed but still convicted under an Alford Plea. She also hosts a podcast on false confessions, entitled Wrongful Conviction: False Confessions.
Thomas J. Fallon is a lawyer who works in the criminal litigation department of the Attorney General in Wisconsin, USA. He is also the state's first Child Abuse "Resource Prosecutor", a post recently created by former AG Brad Schimel. Fallon has authored books and presentations on prosecutor ethics, interrogations, sexually violent person proceedings and child abuse. He has written a guide on how to prepare children as prosecution witnesses in court. He has also written "The Basic Do's and Dont's of Interviewing"; "The Miranda Primer-Revised, a training manual for prosecutors and law enforcement officers on Wisconsin Interrogation Law"; and the "Safe Schools Legal Resource Manual". He was a national advisor on shaken baby syndrome.
Fred E. Inbau was an American lawyer and criminologist who helped develop the Reid technique of interrogation. He was director of the Scientific Crime Detection Lab. He coauthored the influential textbook Criminal Interrogation and Confessions.