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Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects humans and other animals. Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever,tiredness,vomiting,and headaches. In severe cases,it can cause jaundice,seizures,coma,or death. Symptoms usually begin ten to fifteen days after being bitten by an infected mosquito. If not properly treated,people may have recurrences of the disease months later. In those who have recently survived an infection,reinfection usually causes milder symptoms. This partial resistance disappears over months to years if the person has no continuing exposure to malaria.
Leptospirosis is a blood infection caused by the bacteria Leptospira that can infect humans,dogs,rodents and many other wild and domesticated animals. Signs and symptoms can range from none to mild to severe. Weil's disease,the acute,severe form of leptospirosis,causes the infected individual to become jaundiced,develop kidney failure,and bleed. Bleeding from the lungs associated with leptospirosis is known as severe pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome.
Recrudescence is the revival of material or behavior that had previously been stabilized,settled,or diminished. In medicine,it is usually defined as the recurrence of symptoms after a period of remission or quiescence,in which sense it can sometimes be synonymous with relapse. In a narrower sense,it can also be such a recurrence with higher severity than before the remission. "Relapse" conventionally has a specific meaning when used in relation to malaria.
Plasmodium vivax is a protozoal parasite and a human pathogen. This parasite is the most frequent and widely distributed cause of recurring malaria. Although it is less virulent than Plasmodium falciparum,the deadliest of the five human malaria parasites,P. vivax malaria infections can lead to severe disease and death,often due to splenomegaly. P. vivax is carried by the female Anopheles mosquito;the males do not bite.
Plasmodium ovale is a species of parasitic protozoon that causes tertian malaria in humans. It is one of several species of Plasmodium parasites that infect humans,including Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax which are responsible for most cases of malaria in the world. P. ovale is rare compared to these two parasites,and substantially less dangerous than P. falciparum.
Leptospira is a genus of spirochaete bacteria,including a small number of pathogenic and saprophytic species. Leptospira was first observed in 1907 in kidney tissue slices of a leptospirosis victim who was described as having died of "yellow fever".
Tafenoquine,sold under the brand name Krintafel among others,is a medication used to prevent and to treat malaria. With respect to acute malaria,it is used together with other medications to prevent relapse by Plasmodium vivax. It may be used to prevent all types of malaria. It is taken by mouth.
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Leptospira interrogans is a species of obligate aerobic spirochaete bacteria shaped like a corkscrew with hooked and spiral ends. L. interrogans is mainly found in warmer tropical regions. The bacteria can live for weeks to months in the ground or water. Leptospira is one of the genera of the spirochaete phylum that causes severe mammalian infections. This species is pathogenic to some wild and domestic animals,including pet dogs. It can also spread to humans through abrasions on the skin,where infection can cause flu-like symptoms with kidney and liver damage. Human infections are commonly spread by contact with contaminated water or soil,often through the urine of both wild and domestic animals. Some individuals are more susceptible to serious infection,including farmers and veterinarians who work with animals.
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- ↑ Vinetz, Joseph M. (15 November 1996). "Sporadic Urban Leptospirosis". Annals of Internal Medicine. 125 (10): 794–798. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-125-10-199611150-00002. PMID 8928985. S2CID 21396005.
- ↑ Bharti, Ajay R; Nally, Jarlath E; Ricaldi, Jessica N; Matthias, Michael A; Diaz, Monica M; Lovett, Michael A; Levett, Paul N; Gilman, Robert H; Willig, Michael R; Gotuzzo, Eduardo; Vinetz, Joseph M; Peru-United States Leptospirosis, Consortium. (December 2003). "Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 3 (12): 757–771. doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(03)00830-2. PMID 14652202.
- ↑ Segura, E. R.; Ganoza, C. A.; Campos, K.; Ricaldi, J. N.; Torres, S.; Silva, H.; Cespedes, M. J.; Matthias, M. A.; Swancutt, M. A.; Linan, R. L.; Gotuzzo, E.; Guerra, H.; Gilman, R. H.; Vinetz, J. M.; Peru-United States Leptospirosis, Consortium. (1 February 2005). "Clinical Spectrum of Pulmonary Involvement in Leptospirosis in a Region of Endemicity, with Quantification of Leptospiral Burden". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 40 (3): 343–351. doi:10.1086/427110. PMC 2366057 . PMID 15668855.
- ↑ Ganoza, Christian A.; Matthias, Michael A.; Collins-Richards, Devon; Brouwer, Kimberly C.; Cunningham, Calaveras B.; Segura, Eddy R.; Gilman, Robert H.; Gotuzzo, Eduardo; Vinetz, Joseph M. (August 22, 2006). "Determining Risk for Severe Leptospirosis by Molecular Analysis of Environmental Surface Waters for Pathogenic Leptospira". PLOS Medicine. 3 (8): e308. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030308. PMC 1551915 . PMID 16933963.
- ↑ Johnson, Michael A.S.; Smith, Hannah; Joseph, Priya; Gilman, Robert H.; Bautista, Christian T.; Campos, Kalina J.; Cespedes, Michelle; Klatsky, Peter; Vidal, Carlos; Terry, Hilja; Calderon, Maritza M.; Coral, Carlos; Cabrera, Lilia; Parmar, Paminder S.; Vinetz, Joseph M. (June 15, 2004). "Environmental Exposure and Leptospirosis, Peru". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 10 (6): 1016–1022. doi:10.3201/eid1006.030660. PMC 3323149 . PMID 15207052.
- ↑ Lehmann, Jason; Matthias, Michael; Vinetz, Joseph; Fouts, Derrick (10 April 2014). "Leptospiral Pathogenomics". Pathogens. 3 (2): 280–308. doi: 10.3390/pathogens3020280 . PMC 4243447 . PMID 25437801.
- ↑ Gilman, Robert H.; Cabrera, Lilia; Lee, Ellen; Metcalfe, John; Calampa, Carlos; Vinetz, Joseph M.; Calderon, Maritza; Lescano, Andres G.; Roshanravan, Baback; Montenegro, Sonia H.; Kari, Elina (1 July 2003). "Endemic Malaria in the Peruvian Amazon Region of Iquitos". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 69 (1): 45–52. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2003.69.45. PMID 12932096.
- ↑ Patra, Kailash P.; Saito, Mayuko; Atluri, Vidya L.; Rolán, Hortensia G.; Young, Briana; Kerrinnes, Tobias; Smits, Henk; Ricaldi, Jessica N.; Gotuzzo, Eduardo; Gilman, Robert H.; Tsolis, Renee M.; Vinetz, Joseph M. (June 5, 2014). "A Protein-Conjugate Approach to Develop a Monoclonal Antibody-Based Antigen Detection Test for the Diagnosis of Human Brucellosis". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 8 (6): e2926. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002926. PMC 4046965 . PMID 24901521.
- ↑ Cannella, Anthony P.; Lin, Jennifer C.; Liang, Li; Atluri, Vidya; Gotuzzo, Eduardo; Felgner, Philip L.; Tsolis, Renee M.; Vinetz, Joseph M. (March 2012). "Serial Kinetics of the Antibody Response against the Complete Brucella melitensis ORFeome in Focal Vertebral Brucellosis". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 50 (3): 922–926. doi:10.1128/JCM.05298-11. PMC 3295165 . PMID 22219303.
- ↑ Hupalo, Daniel N; Luo, Zunping; Melnikov, Alexandre; Sutton, Patrick L; Rogov, Peter; Escalante, Ananias; Vallejo, Andrés F; Herrera, Sócrates; Arévalo-Herrera, Myriam; Fan, Qi; Wang, Ying; Cui, Liwang; Lucas, Carmen M; Durand, Salomon; Sanchez, Juan F; Baldeviano, G Christian; Lescano, Andres G; Laman, Moses; Barnadas, Celine; Barry, Alyssa; Mueller, Ivo; Kazura, James W; Eapen, Alex; Kanagaraj, Deena; Valecha, Neena; Ferreira, Marcelo U; Roobsoong, Wanlapa; Nguitragool, Wang; Sattabonkot, Jetsumon; Gamboa, Dionicia; Kosek, Margaret; Vinetz, Joseph M; González-Cerón, Lilia; Birren, Bruce W; Neafsey, Daniel E; Carlton, Jane M (August 2016). "Population genomics studies identify signatures of global dispersal and drug resistance in Plasmodium vivax". Nature Genetics. 48 (8): 953–958. doi:10.1038/ng.3588. PMC 5347536 . PMID 27348298.
- ↑ Dharia, Neekesh V.; Bright, A. Taylor; Westenberger, Scott J.; Barnes, S. Whitney; Batalov, Serge; Kuhen, Kelli; Borboa, Rachel; Federe, Glenn C.; McClean, Colleen M.; Vinetz, Joseph M.; Neyra, Victor; Llanos-Cuentas, Alejandro; Barnwell, John W.; Walker, John R.; Winzeler, Elizabeth A. (16 November 2010). "Whole-genome sequencing and microarray analysis of ex vivo Plasmodium vivax reveal selective pressure on putative drug resistance genes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (46): 20045–20050. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10720045D. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1003776107 . PMC 2993397 . PMID 21037109.
- ↑ "ASTMH - Fellows of ASTMH (FASTMH)". www.astmh.org.
- ↑ "ASTMH - Bailey K. Ashford Medal". www.astmh.org.
- ↑ "Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana - UNAP". www.unapiquitos.edu.pe.