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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental and behavioral disorder that develops from experiencing a traumatic event,such as sexual assault,warfare,traffic collisions,child abuse,domestic violence,or other threats on a person's life or well-being. Symptoms may include disturbing thoughts,feelings,or dreams related to the events,mental or physical distress to trauma-related cues,attempts to avoid trauma-related cues,alterations in the way a person thinks and feels,and an increase in the fight-or-flight response. These symptoms last for more than a month after the event and can include triggers such as misophonia. Young children are less likely to show distress,but instead may express their memories through play. A person with PTSD is at a higher risk of suicide and intentional self-harm.
Physical abuse is any intentional act causing injury or trauma to another person or animal by way of bodily contact. In most cases,children are the victims of physical abuse,but adults can also be victims,as in cases of domestic violence or workplace aggression. Alternative terms sometimes used include physical assault or physical violence,and may also include sexual abuse. Physical abuse may involve more than one abuser,and more than one victim.
Psychological trauma is an emotional response caused by severe distressing events,such as bodily injury,sexual violence,or other threats to the life of the subject or their loved ones;indirect exposure,such as from watching television news,may be extremely distressing and can produce an involuntary and possibly overwhelming physiological stress response,but does not produce trauma per se. Examples of distressing events include violence,rape,or a terrorist attack.
Complex post-traumatic stress disorder is a stress-related mental and behavioral disorder generally occurring in response to complex traumas.
Childhood trauma is often described as serious adverse childhood experiences. Children may go through a range of experiences that classify as psychological trauma;these might include neglect,abandonment,sexual abuse,emotional abuse,and physical abuse. They may also witness abuse of a sibling or parent,or have a mentally ill parent. These events can have profound psychological,physiological,and sociological impacts leading to lasting negative effects on health and well-being. These events may include antisocial behaviors,attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),and sleep disturbances. Additionally,children whose mothers have experienced traumatic or stressful events during pregnancy have an increased risk of mental health disorders and other neurodevelopmental disorders.
Daniel S. Schechter is an American and Swiss psychiatrist known for his clinical work and research on intergenerational transmission or "communication" of violent trauma and related psychopathology involving parents and very young children. His published work in this area following the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York of September 11,2001 led to a co-edited book entitled "September 11:Trauma and Human Bonds" (2003) and additional original articles with clinical psychologist Susan Coates that were translated into multiple languages and remain among the first accounts of 9/11 related loss and trauma described by mental health professionals who also experienced the attacks and their aftermath Schechter observed that separation anxiety among infants and young children who had either lost or feared loss of their caregivers triggered posttraumatic stress symptoms in the surviving caregivers. These observations validated his prior work on the adverse impact of family violence on the early parent-child relationship,formative social-emotional development and related attachment disturbances involving mutual dysregulation of emotion and arousal. This body of work on trauma and attachment has been cited by prominent authors in the attachment theory,psychological trauma,developmental psychobiology and neuroscience literatures
David Allen Wolfe is an academic,psychologist and author specializing in issues of child abuse,domestic violence,children and youth. His work includes the promotion of healthy relationships through school programs,with a major focus on the prevention of child abuse and neglect,bullying,dating violence,unsafe sex,substance abuse and other consequences of unhealthy relationships.
Transgenerational trauma is the psychological and physiological effects that the trauma experienced by people has on subsequent generations in that group. The primary mode of transmission is the shared family environment of the infant causing psychological,behavioral and social changes in the individual.
The Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders of Infancy and Early Childhood is a developmentally based diagnostic manual that provides clinical criteria for categorizing mental health and developmental disorders in infants and toddlers. It is organized into a five-part axis system,which includes domains such as clinical disorders,relational context,medical and developmental conditions,psychosocial stressors,and functional emotional development. The book has been translated into several languages and is used globally for the assessment of children up to five years of age.
Nadine J. Kaslow is an American psychologist,the 2014 president of the American Psychological Association (APA) and the editor of the Journal of Family Psychology. Before her current affiliation with Emory University,Kaslow worked at Yale University. She was recipient of the 2004 American Psychological Association award for Distinguished Contributions to Education and Training in Psychology.
Tina Malti is a Canadian-German child psychologist of Palestinian descent. She currently holds an Alexander von Humboldt Professorship for Early Child Development and Health as the first child psychologist and female psychologist in the award's history. She directs the Alexander von Humboldt Research Group for Child Development as research chair at Leipzig University. She is also a professor of psychology at the University of Toronto and founding director of the Centre for Child Development,Mental Health,and Policy at the University of Toronto.
Jonathan S. Comer. is an American psychologist who is a Professor of Psychology and Psychiatry at Florida International University. He is currently the director of an interdisciplinary clinical research program called the Mental health Interventions and Novel Therapeutics (MINT) Program. The MINT program focuses on improving the quality,scope,and accessibility of mental health care. Comer also serves as director of the Network for Enhancing Wellness in Disaster-Affected Youth,a SAMHSA-funded program in the National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN) that provides trauma-informed training and consultation to youth-serving professionals in disaster-prone and disaster-hit regions. Comer is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association and a leader in the field of clinical child and adolescent psychology. The author of over 250 scientific papers and chapters,he has received early career awards from the American Psychological Association,the Association for Psychological Science,and the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies for his work. His research has been funded by federal agencies and by several private foundations and non-profit organizations. He has also received funding from the Andrew Kukes Foundation for Social Anxiety.
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) include childhood emotional,physical,or sexual abuse and household dysfunction during childhood. The categories are verbal abuse,physical abuse,contact sexual abuse,a battered mother/father,household substance abuse,household mental illness,incarcerated household members,and parental separation or divorce. The experiences chosen were based upon prior research that has shown to them to have significant negative health or social implications,and for which substantial efforts are being made in the public and private sector to reduce their frequency of occurrence. Scientific evidence is mounting that such adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have a profound long-term effect on health. Research shows that exposure to abuse and to serious forms of family dysfunction in the childhood family environment are likely to activate the stress response,thus potentially disrupting the developing nervous,immune,and metabolic systems of children. ACEs are associated with lifelong physical and mental health problems that emerge in adolescence and persist into adulthood,including cardiovascular disease,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,autoimmune diseases,substance abuse,and depression.
Emily A. Holmes is a clinical psychologist and neuroscientist known for her research on mental imagery in relation to psychological treatments for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),bipolar disorder,and depression. Holmes is Professor at the department of Women's and Children's Health at Uppsala University. She also holds an appointment as Honorary Professor of Clinical Psychology at the University of Oxford.
Lisa A. Goodman is an American counseling psychologist known for her research on domestic violence and violence against women. She is Professor of Counseling Psychology at the Lynch School of Education at Boston College. Goodman is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association,Division of Counseling Psychology.
Karen Jill Saywitz was an American psychologist,author,and educator. She worked as a developmental and clinical psychologist and professor at the UCLA School of Medicine and Department of Psychiatry and Development. For more than 20 years Saywitz taught child development and was director of several mental health programs for families. She also developed "non-leading" techniques for interviewing child witnesses and victims,based on cognitive and developmental psychology principles. She died of cancer in 2018.
Della Marie Hann is an American psychologist and research administrator serving as the associate director for extramural research at the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.
Apryl A. Alexander is an American clinical and forensic psychologist who is an associate professor at the University of Denver. Alexander directs students at the Denver Forensic Institute for Research,Service and Training,and engages in clinical psychology practice. She is co-founder of the University of Denver's Prison Arts Initiative where incarcerated individuals engage in a therapeutic,educational arts curricula.
Katie A. McLaughlin is an American clinical psychologist and expert on how stress,trauma,and other adverse events,such as natural disorders or pandemics,affect behavioral and brain development during childhood and adolescence. McLaughlin is a Professor of Psychology at Harvard University.
Jodi Anne Quas is an applied developmental psychologist who is known for her work on how maltreatment and abuse affect memory development and children's ability to give eyewitness testimony after experiencing trauma. She holds the position of Professor of Psychological Science and Nursing Science at the University of California,Irvine School of Social Ecology.
References
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- ↑ Osofsky, Joy D.; Wewers, Sarah; Hann, Della M.; Fick, Ana C. (February 1, 1993). "Chronic Community Violence: What Is Happening to Our Children?". Psychiatry. 56 (1): 36–45. doi:10.1080/00332747.1993.11024619. ISSN 0033-2747. PMID 8488211.
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- ↑ Osofsky, Joy D.; Lieberman, Alicia F. (2011). "A call for integrating a mental health perspective into systems of care for abused and neglected infants and young children". American Psychologist. 66 (2): 120–128. doi:10.1037/a0021630. ISSN 1935-990X. PMID 21142335.
