The original KISS rebreathers were designed, developed, and built in British Columbia, Canada, by Gordon Smith, a tool and die maker from Manitoba.[1] The first version was built in 1995, with the first sales to the public in 1999. After Smith died in 2006, the business was run by Kim Mikusch until 2012, at which time Mike Young bought the company and operations were moved to Arkansas, in the US. During this time the product range was expanded to include more models of mCCR, while retaining the later model of the original back mount KISS as the KISS Classic. Additional models include the Kiss Spirit, a lightweight back mount mCCR, KISS Sidekick, a sidemount SCR/mCCR, KISS Sidewinder, a lightweight sidemount mCCR, and the KISS GEM, a compact back mount SCR, or gas extender.[2]
In 2022 Kiss Rebreathers was purchased by Darkwater Group to develop and market an improved version of the Sidewinder, to be known as the KISS Sidewinder 2, which was to be CE certified for the European market.[3]
As Gordon Smith's intentions were initially restricted to diving from his own boat with other divers of his choosing he was able to develop these experimental devices without the limitations of regulatory considerations.
The first attempt in 1998 was a novel approach, with pistons in cylinders serving as counterlungs rather than the conventional flexible bags. The approach was intended to use tank pressure to compensate for the o-ring friction and inertia of the displacing water. Although the o-ring friction in air was acceptable, the model could not handle the inertia of the necessary water displacement. The prototype suffered from excessive work of breathing, but it got him started. The next prototype was also a semi-closed design, but with more conventional flexible bag counterlungs, which worked successfully, and was dived for several months. With the experience gained with the semi-closed designs, he saw that a fully closed system was feasible and more desirable in terms of performance. He saw the merit of including an oxygen sensor due to the risk of inadvertent hypoxia if required to exercise at the surface. One of his early innovations was the bailout-integrated mouthpiece, for switching immediately to diluent for short term open-circuit operation in an emergency or even just upon entering the water. He also incorporated a automatic diluent valve to prevent below ambient loop pressure should the counterlungs become fully deflated during descent.
KISS Rebreathers are named for the KISS principle - A design philosophy that simplicity of design is often more reliable, as there is less to go wrong and it is often easier to fix.[4]
The KISS Classic is a fairly conventional architecture back mounted manually controlled closed circuit rebreather (mCCR) which uses uses two back mounted counterlungs which are available in 2 and 4 litre sizes, and can be used in any combination to best suit the diver's lung capacity. The counterlungs fit in a low profile casing on the backplate, which keeps them close to the diver to limit work of breathing, and the backplates are supported by a conventional tech harness of 2" webbing or similar. The model has been in production since 1999, with several upgrades. The centreline mounted axial flow scrubber with a central tube carries 6.4 lb of fine (8 to 12 mesh) Sofnolime or 5.5 lb of coarser (4 to 6 mesh) Draegersorb. Two cylinders, for oxygen and diluent, are strapped to the sides of the scrubber, with the cylinder valves and regulator first stages down, where it is easy to reach the valve knobs.[6]
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Spirit
The KISS Spirit, also known as Orca Spirit, is a lightweight, low profile (150mm) back mount mCCR with split scrubbers, transverse mounted oxygen cylinder, and off-board diluent. There are two counterlung bags, which lie close to the diver's back under the buoyancy compensator wing.[7][8]
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Sidekick
The KISS Sidekick is a lightweight sidemount rebreather intended for use when a low profile or demountability is necessary to pass through tight restrictions, and for use with another rebreather as a bailout set. The Sidekick is a small unit. Without the loop hoses it is 21.25 inches (540mm) long and 7.25 inches (184mm) diameter. It can be configured as an SCR (gas extender) or mCCR for primary or bailout use.[9]
The layout is unusual in that the scrubber canister is mounted inside the single countrlung, which is mounted inside a stainless steel protective housing/frame suitable for rough handling and use as a bailout rebreather.[3]. The unit's buoyancy fluctuates between slightly positive and slightly negative over the breathing cycle, and the air space in the counterlung provides thermal insulation for the scrubber, which improves absorbent reaction rates. The scubber holds 5.2 pounds (2.4kg) of Sofnolime, and the packed weight of the unit is 22.2 pounds (10.1kg) in air. The canister can optionally be packed with a 5 inches (130mm) diameter Micropore scrubber cartridge.[9]
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GEM
The GEM is a semi-closed rebreather which uses only one source of breathing gas, and works as a 3:1 gas extender, giving the diver the facility to re-use the gas to more effectively utilise the oxygen content before discarding the gas. The minimum oxygen fraction authorised is 32%, and richer mixes may be used, with a shallower depth limitation. Additional benefits include warmer and more humid breathing gas, and a reduction in bubble noise. GEM is an acronym for Gas Extending Mechanism,[10]
This is a passive addition SCR (PASCR), meaning that the amount of fresh gas added is controlled by the proportion of exhaled gas that flows through the breathing loop. This is a mechanical system, and is controlled by a patented valve system in the DSV housing. which dumps about a third of the gas from each exhalation to the ambient water. The make up gas comes from the ADV when the volume of the counterlung bottoms out during inhalation and loop pressure drops below ambient.[10]
The proportion of recycled gas is fairly constant, so the gas mixture in the system is to the same extent predictable, and remains fairly constant. The GEM is an add on system comprising scrubber, counterlung's, loop hose's and DSV mouthpiece which will function with almost any single-hose scuba regulator, cylinder, BCD and harness with webbing straps, The scrubber head unit is fitted with two hose attachment points and an over-pressure exhaust valve. The scrubber canister carries a single Micropore ExtendAir #SR-0801C carbon dioxide absorbent cartridge.[10]
The original KISS Sidewinder was designed by the owner of KISS at the time, Mike Young, for a military veteran who had lost both legs. The Sidewinder is manually controlled closed circuit rebreather having a split-scrubber design with a single counterlung mounted over the diver's back connecting the two side-mounted scrubber canisters. Oxygen supply is from a transversely mounted scuba cylinder on the lower back, and diluent from an off-board side-mounted cylinder, also available for bailout gas, and usually balanced by a similar cylinder on the other side. This configuration is well balanced and promotes good diver trim with little effort, which was a factor in popularising the unit.[11][12] The Sidewinder components are worn with the diver's preference of sidemount harness, as this is not a component of the system, making it easier for an open-circuitsidemount diver to adapt to the rebreather by using a familiar harness and buoyancy compensator. The Sidewinder uses a constant mass flow oxygen injector orifice with manual override, similar to the systems used on other KISS models. The Sidewinder was launched in 2016.[3] The original Sidewinder was not CE certified, but the Sidewinder 2 will be.[12][13]
The scrubber design used in the Sidewinder was taken from an earlier back mounted rebreather, the lightweight Orca Spirit, which was developed from the original KISS Classic.[3]
Ergonomics
Sidemount rebreathers in general have ergonomic disadvantages. They are carried in the position where sidemount cylinders are carried, with a sidemount cylinder on the opposite side. This causes buoyancy distribution which varies during the dive, leading to changes in trim and a problem with space for a second cylinder for gas redundancy and a limited bailout capacity. Buoyancy distribution also varies during a breathing cycle as gas moves between the lungs and the counterlungs, which are offset longitudinally and laterally, affecting pitch and roll stability, thereby additionally task-loading the diver.[3]
The Sidewinder addresses these problems by using a bilaterally symmetrical arrangement. The scrubber is split, and one unit worn on each side. They are relatively small, allowing the wearing of two sidemount cylinders, one on each side, which provide bailout and diluent redundancy. Carrying a low profile oxygen cylinder across the back keeps weight distribution symmetrical. A single counterlung between the scrubber canisters is close to the lung centroid on the longitudinal axis, and on the centreline, so gas movement between lungs and counterlung has little effect on longitudinal trim and almost no effect on lateral trim, reducing the task load of maintaining trim. Standard counterlung volume is nominally 10 litres, but is constrained by the fit and tightness of the harness. The scrubbers are small and do not greatly increase the cross section of the diver, which remains relatively streamlined, with a low profile. The split scrubber also reduces the chance of flooding the entire scrubbing system from a single leak.[3][8]
Specifications
At 12.3 kg, the Sidewinder is relatively light, but not the lightest rebreather on the market. The weight excludes the diluent and bailout cylinders, which can be selected to suit the planned dive profile and other logistical and operational constraints.[3]
Scrubbers:Two axial scrubbers mounted to the sides of the harness, above the cylinders, carrying 2.8kg of absorbent material. Scrubber endurance 2.5 to 4 hours.[3] Scrubbers are available with optional syntactic foam thermal insulation for cold water diving.
Counterlung: Single cross-over/wraparound.[3] over the upper back[14]
Oxygen suply: Onboard lower back transverse mounted cylinder with non-depth-compensated first stage.[3]
Oxygen addition: Constant mass flow orifice and manual addition.[3]
The dive/surface valve or bailout valve is connected on the right side to the exhalation hose, which is connected to the top of the exhalation (right) scrubber. The bottom of the exhalation scrubber connects to the counterlung inlet. The other side of the counterlung connects to the bottom of the inhalation scrubber, which connects to the inhalation hose at the top. This hose connects to the DSV/BOV on the left side. The automatic diluent valve (ADV) is on the top end of the exhalation scrubber canister and the auto dump valve (overpressure valve) is on the top of the inhalation scrubber canister. Oxygen feed enters the loop at the exhalation scrubber head. The oxygen cells are in the head of the inhalation scrubber canister. A non-return valve is fitted at the joint of the DSV/BOV to each of the breathing hoses.[14]
Sidewinder 2
The KISS Sidewinder 2 is a major redesign based on the layout of the Sidewinder by Darkwater Group founder and CEO Piotr Czernik and KISS Training Director Patrick Widmann,[12][11] One of the major changes in the Sidewinder 2 is the use of rectangular section cross-flow scrubbers with gas space along the side faces for insulation of the absorbent. This makes the scrubber function longer before carbon dioxide breakthrough occurs, giving a more efficient use of the absorbent material and lower work of breathing.[clarification needed]
The Sidewinder 2 scrubbers are larger than those of the original Sidewinder, holding a total of 3.5 kg of sorb, which has been tested to last 4.5 hours at 40 msw and 4°C by a CE laboratory[11]
To be eligible for training on a KISS rebreather, the diver must have nitrox certification, at least 20 logged dives and be 18 years or older, and for training on the Sidekick, also have technical diver certification to at least advanced nitrox level. The course generally takes 40 hours, over at least 4 days, of which at least 8 hours are dedicated to academic aspects and dry practical training.[15]
Training may be provided through various agencies, and by a currently registered instructor for the specific rebreather model. Required skills include the ability to prepare the unit for use, following the checklist.[15]
Related Research Articles
A scuba set, originally just scuba, is any breathing apparatus that is entirely carried by an underwater diver and provides the diver with breathing gas at the ambient pressure. Scuba is an anacronym for self-contained underwater breathing apparatus. Although strictly speaking the scuba set is only the diving equipment that is required for providing breathing gas to the diver, general usage includes the harness or rigging by which it is carried and those accessories which are integral parts of the harness and breathing apparatus assembly, such as a jacket or wing style buoyancy compensator and instruments mounted in a combined housing with the pressure gauge. In the looser sense, scuba set has been used to refer to all the diving equipment used by the scuba diver, though this would more commonly and accurately be termed scuba equipment or scuba gear. Scuba is overwhelmingly the most common underwater breathing system used by recreational divers and is also used in professional diving when it provides advantages, usually of mobility and range, over surface-supplied diving systems and is allowed by the relevant legislation and code of practice.
A rebreather is a breathing apparatus that absorbs the carbon dioxide of a user's exhaled breath to permit the rebreathing (recycling) of the substantially unused oxygen content, and unused inert content when present, of each breath. Oxygen is added to replenish the amount metabolised by the user. This differs from open-circuit breathing apparatus, where the exhaled gas is discharged directly into the environment. The purpose is to extend the breathing endurance of a limited gas supply, while also eliminating the bubbles otherwise produced by an open circuit system. The latter advantage over other systems is useful for covert military operations by frogmen, as well as for undisturbed observation of underwater wildlife. A rebreather is generally understood to be a portable apparatus carried by the user. The same technology on a vehicle or non-mobile installation is more likely to be referred to as a life-support system.
The Soviet, later Russian IDA71 military and naval rebreather is an oxygen rebreather intended for use by naval and military divers including Russian commando frogmen. As supplied it is in a plain backpack harness with no buoyancy aid. The casing is pressed aluminium with a hinged cover. It has a small optional nitrox cylinder which can be clipped on its outside to convert it to nitrox mode. It contains one oxygen cylinder and two absorbent canisters. In the bottom of its casing is an empty space which is intended for an underwater communications set.
The Clearance Divers Breathing Apparatus (CDBA) is a type of rebreather made by Siebe Gorman in England.
Dräger is a German company based in Lübeck which makes breathing and protection equipment, gas detection and analysis systems, and noninvasive patient monitoring technologies. Customers include hospitals, fire departments and diving companies.
Sidemount is a scuba diving equipment configuration which has scuba sets mounted alongside the diver, below the shoulders and along the hips, instead of on the back of the diver. It originated as a configuration for advanced cave diving, as it facilitates penetration of tight sections of cave, allows easy access to cylinder valves, provides easy and reliable gas redundancy, and tanks can be easily removed when necessary. These benefits for operating in confined spaces were also recognized by divers who conducted technical wreck diving penetrations.
Porpoise is a tradename for scuba developed by Ted Eldred in Australia and made there from the late 1940s onwards. The first Porpoise was a closed circuit oxygen rebreather, and the following models were all single hose open circuit regulators.
Gordon Smith was an inventor, machinist and tool and die maker notable for inventing the KISS diving rebreather.
A bailout bottle (BoB) or, more formally, bailout cylinder is a scuba cylinder carried by an underwater diver for use as an emergency supply of breathing gas in the event of a primary gas supply failure. A bailout cylinder may be carried by a scuba diver in addition to the primary scuba set, or by a surface supplied diver using either free-flow or demand systems. The bailout gas is not intended for use during the dive except in an emergency, and would be considered a fully redundant breathing gas supply if used correctly. The term may refer to just the cylinder, or the bailout set or emergency gas supply (EGS), which is the cylinder with the gas delivery system attached. The bailout set or bailout system is the combination of the emergency gas cylinder with the gas delivery system to the diver, which includes a diving regulator with either a demand valve, a bailout block, or a bailout valve (BOV).
An emergency ascent is an ascent to the surface by a diver in an emergency. More specifically, it refers to any of several procedures for reaching the surface in the event of an out-of-gas emergency, generally while scuba diving.
Scuba gas management is the aspect of scuba diving which includes the gas planning, blending, filling, analysing, marking, storage, and transportation of gas cylinders for a dive, the monitoring and switching of breathing gases during a dive, efficient and correct use of the gas, and the provision of emergency gas to another member of the dive team. The primary aim is to ensure that everyone has enough to breathe of a gas suitable for the current depth at all times, and is aware of the gas mixture in use and its effect on decompression obligations, nitrogen narcosis, and oxygen toxicity risk. Some of these functions may be delegated to others, such as the filling of cylinders, or transportation to the dive site, but others are the direct responsibility of the diver using the gas.
Rebreather diving is underwater diving using diving rebreathers, a class of underwater breathing apparatus which recirculate the breathing gas exhaled by the diver after replacing the oxygen used and removing the carbon dioxide metabolic product. Rebreather diving is practiced by recreational, military and scientific divers in applications where it has advantages over open circuit scuba, and surface supply of breathing gas is impracticable. The main advantages of rebreather diving are extended gas endurance, low noise levels, and lack of bubbles.
The Interspiro DCSC is a semi-closed circuit nitrox rebreather manufactured by Interspiro of Sweden for military applications. Interspiro was formerly a division of AGA and has been manufacturing self-contained breathing apparatus for diving, firefighting and rescue applications since the 1950s.
The Halcyon Passive, Variable Ratio-Biased Addition Semi-Closed rebreather is a unique design of semi-closed rebreather using a depth-compensated passive gas addition system. Passive addition implies that in steady state operation addition of fresh feed gas is a response to low volume of gas in the loop - the gas is injected when the top of the counterlung activates a demand type addition valve, which provides feed gas as long as the diver continues to inhale. The mechanism discharges gas to the environment in proportion to breathing volume to induce this gas feed.
The Halcyon RB80 is a non-depth-compensated passive addition semi-closed circuit rebreather of similar external dimensions to a standard AL80 scuba cylinder. It was originally developed by Reinhard Buchaly (RB) in 1996 for the cave exploration dives conducted by the European Karst Plain Project (EKPP).
Scuba skills are skills required to dive safely using self-contained underwater breathing apparatus, known as a scuba set. Most of these skills are relevant to both open-circuit scuba and rebreather scuba, and many also apply to surface-supplied diving. Some scuba skills, which are critical to divers' safety, may require more practice than standard recreational training provides to achieve reliable competence.
Work of breathing (WOB) is the energy expended to inhale and exhale a breathing gas. It is usually expressed as work per unit volume, for example, joules/litre, or as a work rate (power), such as joules/min or equivalent units, as it is not particularly useful without a reference to volume or time. It can be calculated in terms of the pulmonary pressure multiplied by the change in pulmonary volume, or in terms of the oxygen consumption attributable to breathing.
A Diving rebreather is an underwater breathing apparatus that absorbs the carbon dioxide of a diver's exhaled breath to permit the rebreathing (recycling) of the substantially unused oxygen content, and unused inert content when present, of each breath. Oxygen is added to replenish the amount metabolised by the diver. This differs from open-circuit breathing apparatus, where the exhaled gas is discharged directly into the environment. The purpose is to extend the breathing endurance of a limited gas supply, and, for covert military use by frogmen or observation of underwater life, to eliminate the bubbles produced by an open circuit system. A diving rebreather is generally understood to be a portable unit carried by the user, and is therefore a type of self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (scuba). A semi-closed rebreather carried by the diver may also be known as a gas extender. The same technology on a submersible or surface installation is more likely to be referred to as a life-support system.
↑ Caney, Mark; Harrison, Sean; Toomer, Paul (20–22 April 2023). "CCR Training". Rebreather Forum 4. Valetta, Malta. Archived from the original on 1 May 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
1 2 "CCR DIVER"(PDF). www.kissrebreathers.com. Archived(PDF) from the original on 31 May 2024. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
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