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The Adal Sultanate, also known as the Adal Empire or Bar Saʿad dīn, was a medieval Sunni Muslim Empire which was located in the Horn of Africa. It was founded by Sabr ad-Din III on the Harar plateau in Adal after the fall of the Sultanate of Ifat. The kingdom flourished c. 1415 to 1577. At its height, the polity under Sultan Badlay controlled the territory stretching from Cape Guardafui in Somalia to the port city of Suakin in Sudan. The Adal Empire maintained a robust commercial and political relationship with the Ottoman Empire. Sultanate of Adal was alternatively known as the federation of Zeila.
Asaita (Amharic: አሳይታ, Asayəta; Afar: Aysaqiita), known historically as Aussa (Awsa), is a town in northeastern Ethiopia, and until 2007 served as the capital of the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Located in the Afambo woreda, part of the region's Awsi Rasu zone, the town has a latitude and longitude of 11°34′N41°26′E and an elevation of 300 metres (980 ft).
The Walashma dynasty was a medieval Muslim dynasty of the Horn of Africa founded in Ifat. Founded in the 13th century, it governed the Ifat and Adal Sultanates in what are present-day, Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea and eastern Ethiopia.
The Battle of Shimbra Kure was fought on 9 March 1529 between the forces of Adal led by Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, and the Abyssinian army, under Dawit II. It was the first major battle of the Ethiopian–Adal War.
Nur al-Din or Nur ibn Mujahidibn ‘Ali ibn ‘Abdullah al Dhuhi Suha was an Emir of Harar who ruled over the Adal Sultanate. He was known for marrying his uncle's widow, Bati del Wambara, and also succeeding Imam Ahmad as the leader of the Muslim forces fighting Christian Ethiopia. He is often known as the "King of Adel" in medieval texts.
The Siltʼe people are an ethnic group in southern Ethiopia. They inhabit the Siltʼe Zone which is part of the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region. Silt'e people speak the Siltʼe language, a Semitic language, which is closely related to the Harari language.
The Harari people are a Semitic-speaking ethnic group which inhabits the Horn of Africa. Members of this ethnic group traditionally reside in the walled city of Harar, simply called Gēy "the City" in Harari, situated in the Harari Region of eastern Ethiopia. They speak the Harari language, a member of the South Ethiopic grouping within the Semitic subfamily of the Afroasiatic languages.
Garad is a term used to refer to a king, Sultan or regional administrator. It was used primarily by Muslims in the Horn of Africa that were associated with Islamic states, most notably the Adal Sultanate.
The Harla, also known as Harala, Haralla are an ethnic group that once inhabited Ethiopia, Somalia, and Djibouti. They spoke the now-extinct Harla language, which belonged to either the Cushitic or Semitic branches of the Afroasiatic family.
The Imamate of Aussa, also spelled Imamate of Awsa, was a medieval Sunni Muslim imamate in present-day eastern Ethiopia and north-western Djibouti. Muhammad Gasa established the seat of power to Aussa from Harar in 1577, as the latter was too exposed to Oromo invasions. Internal strife arose from conflicts between the Harla and Arab factions. A Harar faction split from the Imamate in 1647 forming their own independent emirate. The 17th century saw the inclusion of upland Harla and Doba populations playing a pivotal role in the establishment of the Aussa Sultanate. The state was disestablished in 1734 and in 1769, the Mudaito dynasty successfully overthrew the Kabirto of Harla.
A Malassay was a member of the elite infantry units that formed the Adal Sultanate's household troops. According to Manfred Kropp, Malassay were the Harari armed forces.
Hubat, also known as Hobat, or Kubat was a historical Muslim state located in present-day eastern Ethiopia. Historically part of the Adal region alongside Gidaya and Hargaya states on the Harar plateau. Hubat is today within a district known as Adare Qadima which includes Garamuelta and its surroundings in Oromia region. The area is 30 km north west of Harar city at Hubeta, according to historian George Huntingford. Trimingham locates it as the region between Harar and Jaldessa. Archaeologist Timothy Insoll considers Harla town to be Hubat the capital of the now defunct Harla Kingdom.
Early history of Harar city is generally obscure, as many documents and records differ the exact date of the origin of the city. Most historical records state that Harar's history date back to 16th century, beginning with Adal Sultanate moving its capital from Dakkar to Harar during the reign of Sultan Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad. Other rudimentary oral tradition produced in 19th and 20th century stated that Harar history dated by in the 10th century or Abadir Umar ar-Rida founded the first Harar kingdom after migrating from Arabian Peninsula to spread Islam in 12th and 13th century.
Gidaya, also known as Gedaya or Jidaya was a historical Muslim state located around present-day eastern Ethiopia. The state was positioned on the Harar plateau and a district of Adal region alongside Hargaya and Hubat polities. It neighbored other states in the medieval era including Ifat, Mora, Hadiya, Fatagar, Biqulzar, Fedis and Kwelgora.
Adal, known as Awdal or Aw Abdal was a historical Muslim state and later region in the Horn of Africa. Located east of Ifat and the Awash river as far as the coast, and including Harar as well as Zeila.The Zeila state often denoted Adal and other Muslim dominions in medieval texts.
Salih was the leader of Adal in the fourteenth century. He was commonly known as Qadi or Imam of the Harar territory.
Doba also known as the Country of Dobas was a historical Muslim region in central modern Ethiopia. Historian Fesseha Berhe associates Doba with the Saho people. Historian John Trimingham argues that the people of Doba were of Afar stock.
Ifat also known as Yifat, Awfat or Wafat was a historical Muslim region in the Horn of Africa. It was located on the eastern edge of Shewa.
Hargaya was a historical Muslim state in present-day eastern Ethiopia. It was located east of the Awash River on the Harar plateau in Adal alongside Gidaya and Hubat states. It neighbored other polities in the medieval era including Ifat, Fedis, Mora, Biqulzar and Kwelgora.
Hegano sometimes called Haygan or Hayjan was an administrative title in the Horn of Africa.
References
- ↑ Nieuwazny, Adam. Civil Status Documents from Harar under Egyptian Administration (PDF). University of Warsaw. p. 45.
- ↑ Wagner, Ewald (1974). "Three Arabic Documents on the History of Harar". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 12 (1). Institute of Ethiopian Studies: 216. JSTOR 44324707.
- ↑ Cerulli, Enrico. Islam Yesterday And Today translated by Emran Waber. p. 389.
- ↑ Wazir. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.
- ↑ Hanafism. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.
- ↑ History of Harar and the Hararis (PDF). Harar tourism bureau. p. 29.
- ↑ Alwan, Daoud (2000). Historical dictionary of Djibouti. Scarecrow press. p. 19. ISBN 9780810838734.
- ↑ II. La légende d'Awdaḥis et la dynastie des Aydâḥisso. Corne de l'Afrique contemporaine / Contemporary Horn of Africa. Centre français des études éthiopiennes. 12 January 2018. pp. 11–18. ISBN 9782821872332.
- ↑ Chekroun, Amélie (2018). "Conquête(s) et conversions religieuses dans l'Éthiopie du xvie siècle". Archives de sciences sociales des religions . 63 (182). EHESS: 156. JSTOR 26612860.
- ↑ Kabir Encyclopaedia Aethiopica.
- ↑ Braukamper, Ulrich. Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Lit. p. 119.
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