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A whistler is a very low frequency (VLF) electromagnetic (radio) wave generated by lightning. Frequencies of terrestrial whistlers are 1 kHz to 30 kHz, with maximum frequencies usually at 3 kHz to 5 kHz. Although they are electromagnetic waves, they occur at audio frequencies, and can be converted to audio using a suitable receiver. They are produced by lightning strikes where the impulse travels along the Earth's magnetic field lines from one hemisphere to the other. They undergo dispersion of several kHz due to the slower velocity of the lower frequencies through the plasma environments of the ionosphere and magnetosphere. Thus they are perceived as a descending tone which can last for a few seconds. The study of whistlers categorizes them into Pure Note, Diffuse, 2-Hop, and Echo Train types.
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References
- ↑ "Karl R. Spangenberg at ethw.org" . Retrieved June 23, 2021.
- ↑ "Vacuum Tubes (McGraw-Hill Electrical and Electronic Engineering Series): Karl R. Spangenberg: Amazon.com: Books" . Retrieved June 23, 2021.
- ↑ "Karl R. Spangenberg" . Retrieved June 23, 2021.
- ↑ "Electromagnetics in Space: Antenna Considerations as Related to Space Communications: Karl R. Spangenberg: Amazon.com: Books" . Retrieved June 23, 2021.
- ↑ "Karl R. Spangenberg" . Retrieved June 23, 2021.
- ↑ "Mathematics Genealogy Project (William Littell Everitt)".
- ↑ "Founding members of the National Academy of Engineering". National Academy of Engineering . Retrieved October 21, 2012.
- ↑ "Karl R. Spangenberg" . Retrieved June 23, 2021.
- ↑ "Mathematics Genealogy Project (Karl Spangenberg)".
- ↑ "Karl R. Spangenberg" . Retrieved June 23, 2021.
- ↑ "Karl R. Spangenberg" . Retrieved June 23, 2021.
- ↑ "Karl R. Spangenberg" . Retrieved June 23, 2021.
- ↑ "Palo Alto Online - Lasting Memories - Ruth Spangenberg's memorial" . Retrieved June 23, 2021.
