Kashafrud or Kashafrud River is a river that flows from the Hezar Masjed Mountains in Razavi Khorasan Province in northeast of Iran.[ citation needed ] After passing from the vicinity of the cities of Radkan and Chenaran in Razavi Khorasan Province and then passing north and east of the city of Mashhad, the Kashfrud joins the Harirud River at the frontier of Iran and Turkmenistan. [1] [2] [3]
The Kashaf Rood River is 240km. in length and originates from mountain ranges of Hezar Masjed and Binalood. [4]
The main town on the river is the city of Mashhad. [5] [6] The town of Tus is also on the river.
The river is irrigated, and known since the Middle Ages for its fertility. [7]
Alexander the Great passed through the valley of the Kashaf River. [8] The Arabs entered the valley in 650AD. [9] Sultan Abu Said built a dam on the river. [10] The Geographer Al-Tusi was from the Kashafrud valley. The army of Genghis Khan attacked the region of the Kashafrud in 1220AD.
Kashafrud Basin is an archaeological site in Iran, known for the Lower Palaeolithic artifacts collected there; these are the oldest-known evidence for human occupation of Iran. On the basis of their geological contexts, this collection is more than 800,000 years old. [11] Thus, Kashfarud is one of the oldest human settlements in Iran. A number of stone tools discovered by Kashafrud are displayed in the Paleolithic Hall of the National Museum of Iran.
Tus, also spelled as Tous or Toos, is an ancient city in Razavi Khorasan Province in Iran near Mashhad. To the ancient Greeks, it was known as Susia. It was also known as Tusa. Tus was divided into four cities, Tabran, Radakan, Noan and Teroid. The whole area which today is only called Tus was the largest city in the whole area in the fifth century.
The Yarkand River is a river in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of western China. It originates in the Rimo Glacier in a part of the Karakoram range and flows into the Tarim River or Neinejoung River, with which it is sometimes identified. However, in modern times, the Yarkand river drains into the Shangyou Reservoir and exhausts its supply without reaching the Tarim river. The Yarkand River is approximately 1,332.25 km (827.82 mi) in length, with an average discharge of 210 m3/s (7,400 cu ft/s).
The Gilgit River is a tributary of the Indus River, and flows through the Gupis-Yasin, Ghizer and Gilgit districts of Gilgit-Baltistan. The Gilgit River starts from Shandur Lake, and joins the Indus River at near towns of Juglot and Bunji, where also the three mountain ranges of Hindu Kush, Himalaya and Karakoram ranges are believed to meet. The upper sections of the Gilgit river are called Gupis River and Ghizer River.
The Yaz culture was an early Iron Age culture of Margiana, Bactria and Sogdia. It emerges at the top of late Bronze Age sites (BMAC), sometimes as stone towers and sizeable houses associated with irrigation systems. Ceramics were mostly hand-made, but there was increasing use of wheel-thrown ware. There have been found bronze or iron arrowheads, also iron sickles or carpet knives among other artifacts.
The Soanian is an archaeological culture of the Lower Paleolithic in the Sivalik Hills of the Indian subcontinent. Contemporary to the Acheulean, it is named after the Soan Valley in Pakistan. Soanian sites are found along the Sivalik region in present-day India, Nepal and Pakistan. Soanian artifacts were manufactured on quartzite pebbles, cobbles, and occasionally on boulders, all derived from various fluvial sources on the Siwalik landscape. Soanian assemblages generally comprise varieties of choppers, discoids, scrapers, cores, and numerous flake types, all occurring in varying typotechnological frequencies at individual sites. Excluding some localities in the Soan Valley of Pakistan, the site complex of Guler and Toka in India, and the Arjun-3 site in Nepal, Soanian and similar assemblages rarely comprise more than a few dozen artifacts. Most occur in nondatable surface contexts and may be classifiable as off-sites or non-sites, with stray artifacts strewn randomly across Siwalik landscapes. The closest morphological parallels to this outside of South Asia are found in the neighboring regions of Tajikistan and Iran.
Inscriptional Pahlavi is the earliest attested form of Pahlavi scripts, and is evident in clay fragments that have been dated to the reign of Mithridates I. Other early evidence includes the Pahlavi inscriptions of Arsacid era coins and rock inscriptions of Sassanid kings and other notables such as Kartir.
The Baloch civil wars are a series of conflicts that have taken place between the Baloch people. The Baloch are an ethnic group in Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan and Arab countries. Mostly the Baluch are tribal and have often fought amongst themselves throughout history.
The ancient archaeological site of Bunjikat, also named Shahriston, is located near the town of Bunjikat, in the Shahristan Pass at the entrance of the Ferghana Valley, in Sughd Province of western Tajikistan, just west of the town of Kairma.
The Ayagöz also spelled Ayaguz and Ayaköz, is a river in Kazakhstan.
Dhanyal is one of the biggest tribe living in Potohar level and Lower Himalayas throughout the previous eight centuries. This tribe follows its genealogy to Hazrat Ali Ibne Talib (R.A.), Dhanyal tribe consists of Hazrat Ali's descendants. Moazzam Shah prestigious as Dhani Peer is ancestor of Dhanyal Tribe. Dhanyals are not Fatmi descendants of Hazrat Ali. They have a place with Hazrat Ali's ninth spouse Hazrat Khola bint-e-Ayas bin Jaffar Bannu Hanifa. Hazrat Khola brought forth Hazrat Ali's celebrated child Muhammad bin Ali known as Muhammad bin Hanfia. A large portion of the Dhanyals are settled in the urban communities of Rawalpindi, Islamabad and in Kotli Sattian and Murree Hills. Some different parts of the tribe live in kashmir, Abbottabad, Sialkot and Hazara.
Sanghao Cave is a Paleolithic site, located on the Pothohar Plateau of Pakistan that was excavated by Ahmad Hasan Dani.
The Tarikh-i-Chitral is a book compiled and finalized in 1921 by Mirza Muhammad Ghufran on the order of Mehtar Shuja ul-Mulk. It was written in Persian between 1911 and 1919, with its publication following in the year 1921 in Bombay, India. After its publication Mehtar Shuja ul-Mulk ordered the burning of all copies of the book.
Narbuta Bek was the Khan of Kokand from c. 1764 to 1801. He was the grandson of Abdul Karim Bek his only successor of not killed by Irdana Bek in a coup for power. He had three sons: Alim, Umar, and Shahrukh. His son Alim succeeded him as khan until he was overthrown by Umar.
Irdana Khan was the Khan of Kokand from 1750 to 1764. He was the son of Abd al-Rahim Biy and the nephew of Abdul Karim Biy.
Shir Ali Khan was the Khan of Kokand from June 1842 to 1845. He belonged to the Uzbek dynasty Ming
Murad Beg Khan was briefly the Khan of Kokand after he killed Shir Ali Khan. After requesting the assistance of the Emirate of Bukhara, Musulmonqul travelled to Namangan and gave his daughter as a "gift" to Khudayar before brought the young Khudayar to Kokand, where he was declared Khan with Musulmonqul as regent. Murad had been khan for only eleven days before he was killed and Khudayar put in power.
Shahrukh Bek, later referred to as Shahrukh Khan was the leader of the Kokand Khanate and Uzbek Mings tribe from c. 1709 to c. 1721 and alleged descendant of Babur though the legend of Altun Bishik.
Wangchingbala was a Mongolian writer, historian, nobleman and official.
Coordinates: 35°57′54″N61°07′08″E / 35.9649°N 61.1190°E