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The Mousterian is an archaeological industry of stone tools,associated primarily with the Neanderthals in Europe,and to the earliest anatomically modern humans in North Africa and West Asia. The Mousterian largely defines the latter part of the Middle Paleolithic,the middle of the West Eurasian Old Stone Age. It lasted roughly from 160,000 to 40,000 BP. If its predecessor,known as Levallois or Levallois-Mousterian,is included,the range is extended to as early as c. 300,000–200,000 BP. The main following period is the Aurignacian of Homo sapiens.
Archaic humans is a broad category denoting all species of the genus Homo that are not Homo sapiens. Among the earliest modern human remains are those from Jebel Irhoud in Morocco,Florisbad in South Africa (259 ka),,Omo-Kibish I in southern Ethiopia .,and Apidima Cave in Southern Greece. Some examples of archaic humans include H. antecessor (1200–770 ka),H. bodoensis (1200–300 ka),H. heidelbergensis (600–200 ka),Neanderthals,H. rhodesiensis (300–125 ka) and Denisovans.
Ksar Akil is an archeological site 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Beirut in Lebanon. It is located about 800 m (2,600 ft) west of Antelias spring on the north bank of the northern tributary of the Wadi Antelias. It is a large rock shelter below a steep limestone cliff.
Vindija Cave is an archaeological site associated with Neanderthals and modern humans,located in the municipality of Donja Voća,northern Croatia. Remains of three Neanderthals were selected as the primary sources for the first draft sequence of the Neanderthal genome project in 2010. Additional research was done on the samples and published in 2017.
The Denisovans or Denisova hominins(də-NEE-sə-və) are an extinct species or subspecies of archaic human that ranged across Asia during the Lower and Middle Paleolithic,and lived,based on current evidence,from 285 to 25 thousand years ago. Denisovans are known from few physical remains;consequently,most of what is known about them comes from DNA evidence. No formal species name has been established pending more complete fossil material.
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Neanderthals are an extinct group of archaic humans who lived in Eurasia until about 40,000 years ago. The type specimen,Neanderthal 1,was found in 1856 in the Neander Valley in present-day Germany.
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The Obi-Rakhmat Grotto is a Middle Paleolithic prehistoric site that yielded Neanderthal fossils. It is a shallow karst cave near the junction of the Chatkal and Pskem Rivers at the southwestern end of the Talassky Alatau Range in the Tien Shan Mountains,100 km (62 mi) northeast of Tashkent,Uzbekistan.
Southwest Asian Neanderthals were Neanderthals who lived in Turkey,Lebanon,Syria,Israel,Palestine,Iraq,and Iran - the southernmost expanse of the known Neanderthal range. Although their arrival in Asia is not well-dated,early Neanderthals occupied the region apparently until about 100,000 years ago. At this time,Homo sapiens migration seem to have replaced them in one of the first anatomically-modern expansions out of Africa. In their turn,starting around 80,000 years ago,Neanderthals seem to have returned and replaced Homo sapiens in Southwest Asia. They inhabited the region until about 55,000 years ago.
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Thomas F. G. Higham is an archaeological scientist and radiocarbon dating specialist. He has worked as Professor of Archaeological Science at the University of Oxford,UK,where he was the Director of the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (ORAU) in the Research Lab for Archaeology and the History of Art. He is best known for his work in dating the Neanderthal extinction and the arrival of modern humans in Europe. He is Professor in the Department of Evolutionary Anthropology at the University of Vienna.
Denny is an ~90,000 year old fossil specimen belonging to a ~13-year-old Neanderthal-Denisovan hybrid girl. To date,she is the only first-generation hybrid hominin ever discovered. Denny’s remains consist of a single fossilized fragment of a long bone discovered among over 2,000 visually unidentifiable fragments excavated at the Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains,Russia in 2012.
Viviane Slon is a paleogeneticist at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. She identified that a teenage girl born 90,000 years ago had both Neanderthal and Denisovan parents. She was selected as one of Nature's 10 in 2018.
The Uluzzian Culture is a transitional archaeological culture between the Middle Paleolithic and the Upper Paleolithic,found in Italy and Greece.
Zenobia Jacobs is a South African-born archaeologist and earth scientist specialising in geochronology. She is a professor at the University of Wollongong,Australia.
The 2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to the Swedish geneticist Svante Pääbo "for his research in the field of genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution". It was announced by Thomas Perlmann,secretary of the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm,Sweden,on 3 October 2022.
References
- ↑ Higham, Tom (2021). The World Before Us. Penguin Random House UK. p. 100. ISBN 9780241989050.
- ↑ "Team members Katerina Douka". Palaeochron.
- ↑ "Dating of beads sets new timeline for early humans". Science Daily.
- ↑ "Dr Katerina Douka". Palaeodeserts Climate Change and Human Evolution in the Arabian Desert.
- ↑ "Dr Katerina Douka". Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Department of Archaeology.
- ↑ "The Game-Changing Technique Behind an Amazing New Archaeological Discovery". The Atlantic. 3 October 2018.
- ↑ "The long road to Denisova Cave". Nature Ecology and Evolution. 30 January 2019.
- ↑ Zimmer, Carl (30 January 2019). "High Ceilings and a Lovely View: Denisova Cave Was Home to a Lost Branch of Humanity". The New York Times.
- ↑ "ERC Annual report 2018" (PDF). Europa.
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