Katherine Jane McAuliffe | |
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Alma mater | University of King's College University of Cambridge Harvard University |
Scientific career | |
Institutions | Yale University Boston College |
Thesis | The Evolution and Development of Inequity Aversion. (2013) |
Katherine Jane McAuliffe is a Canadian psychologist who is a professor of psychology at Boston College, studying evolutionary anthropology and how children develop a sense of fairness. McAuliffe has conducted studies with children at a range of international sites in an effort to characterize cross-cultural similarities and variations.
McAuliffe was born in Italy and grew up in Toronto. [1] She earned her undergraduate degree at Dalhousie University and the University of King's College in Halifax, Nova Scotia where she studied marine biology, working with Hal Whitehead and Janet Mann on cetacean research. [2] She was awarded the David Durward Memorial Prize. [3] She then moved to the University of Cambridge, where she earned a Master of Philosophy (MPhil) in Biological Anthropology. Her Master's research looked at cooperation amongst primates and the evolution of babysitting. [2] She found that humans were considerably more likely than primates to leave their children in the care of a non-family member. [2] Following completion of her M.Phil. at Cambridge she worked with Alex Thornton (now at the University of Exeter - Falmouth Campus) at the Kalahari Meerkat Project in the Kalahari Desert studying teaching in meerkats. [4] After completing her MPhil, McAuliffe moved to Harvard University for her doctoral research in what is now the Department of Human Evolutionary Biology. [5] Her doctorate was supervised by Richard Wrangham. [5] She studied the evolution and development of inequity aversion, and how children become sensitive to the fair distribution of resources. [6]
McAuliffe moved to Yale University where she worked as a post-doc with Laurie R. Santos and Yarrow Dunham. [7] After two years at Yale, McAuliffe was hired as an assistant professor at Boston College in the Department of Psychology [8] and became a tenured Associate Professor in 2021. Her research considers cooperation in humans and how the ability to cooperate develops in children. [9] Unlike typical psychologists, McAuliffe investigates global communities, not just the western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic (WEIRD) population. [2]
At Boston College, McAuliffe is director of the Cooperation Lab and co-directs the Virtue Project with Liane Young, where an "interdisciplinary team applies rigorous scientific methods to the question of how virtue is gradually constructed in the developing mind, how it is sustained in adulthood, and how it can be promoted." [10] [11] Her work has studied how fairness develops in children around the world, with study sites in Canada, India, Peru, Senegal, Uganda, the United States and Mexico. [12] [13] [14] Her work has explored how children react to both advantageous and disadvantageous inequity, largely through economic game experiments. [15] She found that an aversion to disadvantageous inequity was common amongst all societies, but of the eight study sites only children in Canada, Uganda and the USA rejected advantageous inequity. [15]
Sharon Christa McAuliffe was an American teacher and astronaut from Concord, New Hampshire who was killed on the Space Shuttle Challenger on mission STS-51-L, where she was serving as a payload specialist.
Inequity aversion (IA) is the preference for fairness and resistance to incidental inequalities. The social sciences that study inequity aversion include sociology, economics, psychology, anthropology, and ethology. Researches on inequity aversion aim to explain behaviors that are not purely driven by self-interests but fairness considerations.
Emmy E. Werner was an American developmental psychologist known for her research on risk and resilience in children.
Ernst Fehr is an Austrian-Swiss behavioral economist and neuroeconomist and a Professor of Microeconomics and Experimental Economic Research, as well as the vice chairman of the Department of Economics at the University of Zürich, Switzerland. His research covers the areas of the evolution of human cooperation and sociality, in particular fairness, reciprocity and bounded rationality.
Inequity is injustice or unfairness or an instance of either of the two. Aversion is "a feeling of repugnance toward something with a desire to avoid or turn from it; a settled dislike; a tendency to extinguish a behavior or to avoid a thing or situation and especially a usually pleasurable one because it is or has been associated with a noxious stimulus". The given definition of inequity aversion is "the preference for fairness and resistance to inequitable outcomes".
Kathy Hirsh-Pasek is the Stanley and Deborah Lefkowitz Professor of Psychology at Temple University in Philadelphia, where she directs the Temple University Infant Language Laboratory. She is the author of 14 books and over 200 publications on early childhood and infant development, with a specialty in language and literacy, and playful learning.
Social preferences describe the human tendency to not only care about one's own material payoff, but also the reference group's payoff or/and the intention that leads to the payoff. Social preferences are studied extensively in behavioral and experimental economics and social psychology. Types of social preferences include altruism, fairness, reciprocity, and inequity aversion. The field of economics originally assumed that humans were rational economic actors, and as it became apparent that this was not the case, the field began to change. The research of social preferences in economics started with lab experiments in 1980, where experimental economists found subjects' behavior deviated systematically from self-interest behavior in economic games such as ultimatum game and dictator game. These experimental findings then inspired various new economic models to characterize agent's altruism, fairness and reciprocity concern between 1990 and 2010. More recently, there are growing amounts of field experiments that study the shaping of social preference and its applications throughout society.
Sarah Brosnan is a researcher studying the development of cognitive processes that underlie cooperation and reciprocity. The focus of her work has been on how animals perceive "exchanged goods and services," as demonstrated by reciprocal interactions,. She has looked at both human and nonhuman primates as a way of understanding the evolution of cooperative and economic behaviors, specifically the topic of inequity aversion and the cooperative pulling paradigm. She works at Georgia State University in the Department of Psychology, and directs the university's Comparative Economics and Behavioral Studies Laboratory.
Katherine J. Mack is a theoretical cosmologist who holds the Hawking Chair in Cosmology and Science Communication at Perimeter Institute. Her academic research investigates dark matter, vacuum decay and the epoch of reionisation. Mack is also a popular science communicator who participates in social media and regularly writes for Scientific American, Slate, Sky & Telescope, Time, and Cosmos.
Inequity aversion in animals is the willingness to sacrifice material pay-offs for the sake of greater equality, something humans tend to do from early age. It manifests itself through negative responses when rewards are not distributed equally between animals. In controlled experiments it has been observed, in varying degrees, in capuchin monkeys, chimpanzees, macaques, marmosets, dogs, wolves, rats, crows and ravens. No evidence of the effect was found in tests with orangutans, owl monkeys, squirrel monkeys, tamarins, kea, and cleaner fish. Due to mixed results in experimental studies it may be that some bonobos, baboons, gibbons, and gorillas are inequity averse. Disadvantageous inequity aversion is most common, that is, the animal protests when it gets a lesser reward than another animal. But advantageous inequity aversion has been observed as well, in chimpanzees, baboons and capuchins: the animal protests when it gets a better reward. Scientists believe that sensitivity to inequity co-evolved with the ability to cooperate, as it helps to sustain benefitting from cooperation.
Renée Hložek is a South African cosmologist, Professor of Astronomy & Astrophysics at the Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics at the University of Toronto, and an Azrieli Global Scholar within the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research. She studies the cosmic microwave background, Type Ia supernova and baryon acoustic oscillations. She is a Senior TED Fellow and was made a Sloan Research Fellow in 2020. Hložek identifies as bisexual.
Jenny Yue-fon Yang is an American chemist. She is an associate professor of chemistry at the University of California, Irvine where she leads a research group focused on inorganic chemistry, catalysis, and solar fuels.
Marla B. Sokolowski is a University Professor in the Departments of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Toronto. Sokolowski is a scientist whose work is widely considered to be groundbreaking, foundational for a variety of fields, and instrumental in refutations of genetic determinism, and has, according to the Royal Society of Canada, "permanently changed the way we frame questions about individual differences in behaviour". Sokolowski's comprehensive study of the fruit fly and other animal systems, including humans, has shaped fundamental concepts in behavioural evolution, plasticity, and genetic pleiotropy. Specifically, Sokolowski is best known for her discovery of the foraging gene. Sokolowski was the 2020 recipient of the Flavelle Medal. Sokolowski is only one of two women to ever win the award- the other being Margaret Newton in 1948.
Jenny Tung is an evolutionary anthropologist and geneticist. She is an Associate Professor of Biology and a researcher at Duke University. In 2019, she was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship.
Nadine Provençal is an assistant professor at Simon Fraser University and Investigator at BC Children's Hospital Research Institute. In 2020, she was recognized by the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) with an appointment to CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholar.
Daniel Kwabena Dakwa Bediako is a Ghanaian-British chemist. He is currently assistant professor at the University of California, Berkeley, and is the Cupola Era Professor in the College of Chemistry. His research considers charge transport and interfacial charge transfer in two-dimensional materials and heterostructures. He is also a member of the Editorial Advisory Board of the Journal of the American Chemical Society (JACS).
Christine A. Muschik is an assistant professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Waterloo as well as a part of the Institute for Quantum Computing.. She completed her PhD in 2011 at the Max-Planck-Institute for Quantum Optics. She completed postdoctoral fellowships at the Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information in Innsbruck and the Institute of Photonic Sciences in Castelldefels. As of 2020, she has over 2000 citations on over 50 publications. She has also been featured in several articles in Nature magazine, MIT Technology Review, and Physics World.
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