Kathryn Zurek

Last updated
Kathryn Zurek
Born
Minnesota, U.S.
Alma mater Bethel University
University of Washington
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics
Institutions California Institute of Technology
Thesis Looking beyond standard neutrino and axion phenomenology and cosmology
Doctoral advisor David B. Kaplan

Kathryn M. Zurek is an American physicist and professor of theoretical physics at the California Institute of Technology. Her research interests primarily lie at the intersection of particle physics with cosmology and particle astrophysics. [1] She is known for her theories on dark matter's "hidden valleys", also known as hidden sectors. [2] [3]

Contents

Biography

Zurek was born and raised in Minnesota. [3] She studied for a bachelor's degree in physics at Bethel University, where she graduated summa cum laude in 2001 [3] and was awarded the 2001 Seaborg Nobel Travel Award to participate in Nobel Foundation events and present to Nobel laureates. [4] She then received a Ph.D. in physics from the University of Washington in 2006. She was a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and served as the David Schramm Fellow in Fermilab's theoretical astrophysics group. [3]

From 2009 to 2014, Zurek was an assistant and then associate professor at the University of Michigan. In 2014, she joined the Joint Particle Theory Group at the Berkeley Center for Theoretical Physics. She became a professor of theoretical physics at Caltech in 2019. [5] [3]

Awards and honors

Selected publications

In the press

“Berkeley Leans into Search for Light Dark Matter,” 10 June 2019, Symmetry Magazine. [17]

“In Search for Unseen Matter, Physicists Turn to Dark Sector,” 24 March 2017, Science. [18]

"New Techniques Could Target More Exotic Dark Matter," 13 October 2016, Scientific American. [19]

"Physics - Synopsis: Spotting Dark Matter with Supermaterials,"14 September 2016, APS Physics. [20]

"Hunting for Dark Matter's Hidden Valley," 24 May 2016 in Berkeley Lab News Center. [21]

"Physicists Widen the Search for Dark Matter Particles," June 2014, APS News. [22]

"Dark Matter Hunt Appears to be Zeroing In on a Leading Contender," 22 July 2013 in Wired Science. [23]

"Tentative dark matter hints with shadow dark sector," 16 April 2013 in New Scientist. [24]

"Peering Back 13 Billion Years, Through a Gravitational Lens," 29 April 2011 in Science. [25]

"The dark side of antimatter," by Rachel Courtland, 25 November 2010 in New Scientist. [26]

"Super-sensitive tool key to dark matter claim" 9 July 2008 in Nature. [27]

Related Research Articles

In general relativity, a naked singularity is a hypothetical gravitational singularity without an event horizon. In a black hole, the singularity is completely enclosed by a boundary known as the event horizon, inside which the curvature of spacetime caused by the singularity is so strong that light cannot escape. Hence, objects inside the event horizon—including the singularity itself—cannot be directly observed. A naked singularity, by contrast, would be observable from the outside.

An axion is a hypothetical elementary particle postulated by the Peccei–Quinn theory in 1977 to resolve the strong CP problem in quantum chromodynamics (QCD). If axions exist and have low mass within a specific range, they are of interest as a possible component of cold dark matter.

In physics, mirror matter, also called shadow matter or Alice matter, is a hypothetical counterpart to ordinary matter.

In supergravity theories combining general relativity and supersymmetry, the gravitino is the gauge fermion supersymmetric partner of the hypothesized graviton. It has been suggested as a candidate for dark matter.

In quantum mechanics, einselections, short for "environment-induced superselection", is a name coined by Wojciech H. Zurek for a process which is claimed to explain the appearance of wavefunction collapse and the emergence of classical descriptions of reality from quantum descriptions. In this approach, classicality is described as an emergent property induced in open quantum systems by their environments. Due to the interaction with the environment, the vast majority of states in the Hilbert space of a quantum open system become highly unstable due to entangling interaction with the environment, which in effect monitors selected observables of the system. After a decoherence time, which for macroscopic objects is typically many orders of magnitude shorter than any other dynamical timescale, a generic quantum state decays into an uncertain state which can be expressed as a mixture of simple pointer states. In this way the environment induces effective superselection rules. Thus, einselection precludes stable existence of pure superpositions of pointer states. These 'pointer states' are stable despite environmental interaction. The einselected states lack coherence, and therefore do not exhibit the quantum behaviours of entanglement and superposition.

Quantum Darwinism is a theory meant to explain the emergence of the classical world from the quantum world as due to a process of Darwinian natural selection induced by the environment interacting with the quantum system; where the many possible quantum states are selected against in favor of a stable pointer state. It was proposed in 2003 by Wojciech Zurek and a group of collaborators including Ollivier, Poulin, Paz and Blume-Kohout. The development of the theory is due to the integration of a number of Zurek's research topics pursued over the course of twenty-five years including: pointer states, einselection and decoherence.

The Askaryan radiation also known as Askaryan effect is the phenomenon whereby a particle traveling faster than the phase velocity of light in a dense dielectric produces a shower of secondary charged particles which contains a charge anisotropy and thus emits a cone of coherent radiation in the radio or microwave part of the electromagnetic spectrum. It is similar to the Cherenkov radiation. It is named after Gurgen Askaryan, a Soviet-Armenian physicist who postulated it in 1962.

Warm dark matter (WDM) is a hypothesized form of dark matter that has properties intermediate between those of hot dark matter and cold dark matter, causing structure formation to occur bottom-up from above their free-streaming scale, and top-down below their free streaming scale. The most common WDM candidates are sterile neutrinos and gravitinos. The WIMPs, when produced non-thermally, could be candidates for warm dark matter. In general, however, the thermally produced WIMPs are cold dark matter candidates.

Serguei Vladilenovich Krasnikov is a Russian physicist.

Light dark matter, in astronomy and cosmology, are dark matter weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPS) candidates with masses less than 1 GeV. These particles are heavier than warm dark matter and hot dark matter, but are lighter than the traditional forms of cold dark matter, such as Massive Compact Halo Objects (MACHOs). The Lee-Weinberg bound limits the mass of the favored dark matter candidate, WIMPs, that interact via the weak interaction to GeV. This bound arises as follows. The lower the mass of WIMPs is, the lower the annihilation cross section, which is of the order , where m is the WIMP mass and M the mass of the Z-boson. This means that low mass WIMPs, which would be abundantly produced in the early universe, freeze out much earlier and thus at a higher temperature, than higher mass WIMPs. This leads to a higher relic WIMP density. If the mass is lower than GeV the WIMP relic density would overclose the universe.

Primordial black holes are hypothetical black holes that formed soon after the Big Bang. Due to the extreme environment of the newly born universe, extremely dense pockets of sub-atomic matter had been tightly packed to the point of gravitational collapse, creating a primordial black hole that bypasses the density needed to make black holes today due to the densely packed, high-energy state present in the moments just after the Big Bang. Seeing as the creation of primordial black holes pre-date the creation of known stars, they can be formed with less mass than what are known as stellar black holes. Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich and Igor Dmitriyevich Novikov in 1966 first proposed the existence of such black holes, while the first in-depth study was conducted by Stephen Hawking in 1971. However, their existence has not been proven and remains theoretical.

Anzhong Wang is a theoretical physicist, specialized in gravitation, cosmology and astroparticle physics. He is on the Physics faculty of Baylor University. Currently he is working on cosmology in string/M theory and the Hořava–Lifshitz gravity.

Standard-Model Extension (SME) is an effective field theory that contains the Standard Model, general relativity, and all possible operators that break Lorentz symmetry. Violations of this fundamental symmetry can be studied within this general framework. CPT violation implies the breaking of Lorentz symmetry, and the SME includes operators that both break and preserve CPT symmetry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gordon L. Kane</span>

Gordon Leon Kane is Victor Weisskopf Distinguished University Professor at the University of Michigan and director emeritus at the Leinweber Center for Theoretical Physics (LCTP), a leading center for the advancement of theoretical physics. He was director of the LCTP from 2005 to 2011 and Victor Weisskopf Collegiate Professor of Physics from 2002 - 2011. He received the Lilienfeld Prize from the American Physical Society in 2012, and the J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics in 2017.

The Bousso bound captures a fundamental relation between quantum information and the geometry of space and time. It appears to be an imprint of a unified theory that combines quantum mechanics with Einstein's general relativity. The study of black hole thermodynamics and the information paradox led to the idea of the holographic principle: the entropy of matter and radiation in a spatial region cannot exceed the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy of the boundary of the region, which is proportional to the boundary area. However, this "spacelike" entropy bound fails in cosmology; for example, it does not hold true in our universe.

Searches for Lorentz violation involving photons provide one possible test of relativity. Examples range from modern versions of the classic Michelson–Morley experiment that utilize highly stable electromagnetic resonant cavities to searches for tiny deviations from c in the speed of light emitted by distant astrophysical sources. Due to the extreme distances involved, astrophysical studies have achieved sensitivities on the order of parts in 1038.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dark photon</span> Hypothetical force carrier particle connected to dark matter

The dark photon is a hypothetical hidden sector particle, proposed as a force carrier similar to the photon of electromagnetism but potentially connected to dark matter. In a minimal scenario, this new force can be introduced by extending the gauge group of the Standard Model of Particle Physics with a new abelian U(1) gauge symmetry. The corresponding new spin-1 gauge boson can then couple very weakly to electrically charged particles through kinetic mixing with the ordinary photon and could thus be detected. The dark photon can also interact with the Standard Model if some of the fermions are charged under the new abelian group. The possible charging arrangements are restricted by a number of consistency requirements such as anomaly cancellation and constraints coming from Yukawa matrices.

The "axis of evil" is a name given to the apparent correlation between the plane of the Solar System and aspects of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). It gives the plane of the Solar System and hence the location of Earth a greater significance than might be expected by chance – a result which has been claimed to be evidence of a departure from the Copernican principle as assumed in the concordance model.

Céline Bœhm is a Professor of Particle Physics at the University of Sydney. She works on astroparticle physics and dark matter.

Katelin Schutz is an American particle physicist known for using cosmological observations to study dark sectors, that is new particles and forces that interact weakly with the visible world. She is a NASA Einstein Fellow and Pappalardo Fellow in the MIT Department of Physics.

References

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  8. Bertolini, Daniele; Schutz, Katelin; Solon, Mikhail P.; Zurek, Kathryn M. (2016-06-30). "The trispectrum in the Effective Field Theory of Large Scale Structure". Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. 2016 (6): 052. arXiv: 1604.01770 . Bibcode:2016JCAP...06..052B. doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2016/06/052. ISSN   1475-7516. S2CID   118562387.
  9. Hochberg, Yonit; Zhao, Yue; Zurek, Kathryn M. (2016-01-07). "Superconducting Detectors for Superlight Dark Matter". Physical Review Letters. 116 (1): 011301. arXiv: 1504.07237 . Bibcode:2016PhRvL.116a1301H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.011301. ISSN   0031-9007. PMID   26799009. S2CID   30524296.
  10. Kearney, John; Yoo, Hojin; Zurek, Kathryn M. (2015-06-25). "Is a Higgs vacuum instability fatal for high-scale inflation?". Physical Review D. 91 (12): 123537. arXiv: 1503.05193 . Bibcode:2015PhRvD..91l3537K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.91.123537. ISSN   1550-7998. S2CID   117900395.
  11. Tulin, Sean; Yu, Hai-Bo; Zurek, Kathryn M. (2013-06-07). "Beyond collisionless dark matter: Particle physics dynamics for dark matter halo structure". Physical Review D. 87 (11): 115007. arXiv: 1302.3898 . Bibcode:2013PhRvD..87k5007T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.87.115007. ISSN   1550-7998. S2CID   118535064.
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  13. Cohen, Timothy; Phalen, Daniel J.; Pierce, Aaron; Zurek, Kathryn M. (2010-09-03). "Asymmetric dark matter from a GeV hidden sector". Physical Review D. 82 (5): 056001. arXiv: 1005.1655 . Bibcode:2010PhRvD..82e6001C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.82.056001. ISSN   1550-7998. S2CID   119159310.
  14. Kaplan, David E.; Luty, Markus A.; Zurek, Kathryn M. (2009-06-23). "Asymmetric dark matter". Physical Review D. 79 (11): 115016. arXiv: 0901.4117 . Bibcode:2009PhRvD..79k5016K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.79.115016. ISSN   1550-7998. S2CID   17954932.
  15. Hooper, Dan; Zurek, Kathryn M. (2008-04-11). "Natural supersymmetric model with MeV dark matter". Physical Review D. 77 (8): 087302. arXiv: 0801.3686 . Bibcode:2008PhRvD..77h7302H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.77.087302. ISSN   1550-7998. S2CID   55455486.
  16. Strassler, Matthew J.; Zurek, Kathryn M. (2007). "Echoes of a hidden valley at hadron colliders". Physics Letters B. 651 (5–6): 374–379. arXiv: hep-ph/0604261 . Bibcode:2007PhLB..651..374S. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2007.06.055. S2CID   119042766.
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