Ken A. Paller is an American neuroscientist who is a professor of psychology at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, USA.[4] He holds the James Padilla Chair in Arts & Sciences and serves as Director of the Cognitive Neuroscience Program in the Weinberg College of Arts & Sciences at Northwestern. He directs the Training Program in the Neuroscience of Human Cognition at Northwestern,[5] with support from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.[6] His work in cognitive neuroscience focuses on human memory, consciousness, sleep, dreaming, and related topics.[7][8]
Paller's early research focused on aspects of human memory, including encoding and retrieval. He studied patients with memory disorders and healthy individuals using behavioral, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging methods. His early work documented neural signals at initial memory formation that predicted whether or not information would be remembered later. In a paper with Marta Kutas and Andrew R. Mayes in 1987, he introduced the term Dm to refer to the electrophysiological differences produced as a function of later memory performance.[21] With Brian Gonsalves and other colleagues, he studied neural events that led to false memories.[22][23] With Joel Voss, he also used electrophysiological methods to document differences in brain responses between conscious and unconscious memory phenomena.[24] Whereas memory phenomena are typically assessed in recall and recognition tests (declarative memory tests), Voss and Paller found different results when unconscious memory was assessed, as in conceptual priming and implicit memory tests.[25]
Paller's later research concerned the idea that learning is not a function only of the initial acquisition of knowledge, but that there are additional processing steps (known as consolidation) and that some of the work of consolidation takes place in the brain during sleep.[26][27] Work in his laboratory was prominent in showing how subtle auditory stimulation during sleep could shape memory storage.[28][29][30][31]
These studies used a method that came to be known as Targeted Memory Reactivation (TMR). Studies with TMR showed that many types of learning are improved when pre-sleep learning is followed by memory reactivation during sleep.[32][33][34]
Paller's lab group also contributed to adapting the TMR method to produce lucid-dreaming experiences. In the study of these unusual experiences, when people realize they are dreaming in the midst of a dream, real-time two-way communication between dreamer and experimenter was demonstrated.[35] In this way, the study of dreams can now include data on people's experiences during a dream along with associated neural activity, instead of relying exclusively on people's reports after they wake up to find out about their dreams.[36]
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