Kenneth Kraus | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | September 27, 1956 Lansdale, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | U.S. Marine, United States Marine Corps (1975–1986) Detective, Roswell, Georgia Police (1995–2016) |
| Known for | Being the first United States hostage of Iranian militants prior to the Iran hostage crisis |
Kenneth L. Kraus is a former United States Marine who was the first American taken hostage by Iranian militants prior to the Iran hostage crisis. [1]
Kraus grew up in Pennsylvania. He joined the Marines in 1975 as an air traffic controller. He re-enlisted and moved to embassy duty; his first embassy assignment was in Cyprus. [2]
On February 14, 1979, at approximately 9:45 am in Tehran, the United States Embassy in Tehran was attacked and held [3] by Fadaiyan-e-Khalq militants in what became known as the Valentine's Day Open House. [4] One marine, Kraus, was shot and injured, then kidnapped. He spent a week in detention, where he was tortured for sensitive information on the embassy. He was accused of shooting Iranian civilians and stood trial in what he referred to as a Kangaroo court. [5] [6] He was sentenced to death. [7] Within a week, United States President Jimmy Carter and Ambassador William Sullivan secured his release, and he returned to a hero's welcome, and was awarded the Purple Heart and Navy Commendation Medal, which honors acts of heroism. [5]
At 22 years old Kraus was sent to Tehran. Then, in February 1979, the Iranian Revolution began and the Shah was overthrown. That was when the embassy came under attack for the first time.
The compound was overrun at 10:30 am. [8] The 19 Marine guards were armed only with pistols and shotguns. Embassy staff locked themselves in the communications vault and started to destroy documents. Fedayeen militants threatened to set fire to the place and kill them all, so Ambassador Sullivan ordered the surrender of the embassy. [9]
By that time Kraus and two other Marines were in the embassy cafeteria with more than 18 civilians. One of the militants approached the building and Kraus caught him by surprise and pointed a shotgun at his head. He and his fellow Marines negotiated to let the civilians go peacefully. The marines then destroyed most of the weapons to keep them from falling into the hands of the militants. Militants then stormed the restaurant and captured the marines. One of them fired a shotgun at Kraus, but his body armor absorbed the brunt of the impact. He was hit in his head and chest with shrapnel, but not severely. [8] He was then beaten for information. When he did not give anything to his captors, one of them pulled a gun and fired it in close proximity, intentionally not to kill, but to wound him further; he was bleeding from his neck, arms and chest. [8]
Within hours he awoke in a hospital and was then blindfolded and taken to the Islamic Revolutionary Prison. [10] He was interrogated and tortured, then on February 20, 1979, he stood trial in what was a ten-minute process; he was convicted of murder and sentenced to death, to be carried out on February 22, 1979.
With the help of Iranian Foreign Minister Ebrahim Yazdi, the siege was ended within three hours, but Kraus' whereabouts were claimed to be unknown. It took less than a week to arrange his release. [9]
On February 21, Kraus was handed back over to the United States at the embassy, then flown to Washington, D.C., via Ramstein Air Base in Germany. [11]
He was awarded the Purple Heart and the Navy Commendation Medal.
Kraus filed a $60 million lawsuit against the Iranian Government on February 11, 1980. [12]
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Richard Ivan Queen was born in Washington, D.C., and worked for the U.S. State Department as Vice Consul at the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, Iran. On November 4, 1979, he was among the 66 hostages taken by Islamic militants calling themselves the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line, an event commonly known as the Iran hostage crisis.
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The Embassy of the United States of America in Tehran was the American diplomatic mission in the Imperial State of Iran. Direct bilateral diplomatic relations between the two governments were severed following the Iranian Revolution in 1979, and the subsequent seizure of the embassy in November 1979.
Richard Henry Morefield was an American diplomat who served in the United States Foreign Service. He was one of the 66 staff members at the American embassy in Tehran who were taken captive by a militant Islamist student group called the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line on November 4, 1979, in what became known as the Iran hostage crisis. He was one of 52 Americans who were held as a hostage for 444 days, until negotiations for the remaining captives being held hostage were concluded with the signing of the Algiers Accords on January 19, 1981, with their release coming the following day.
Argo is a 2012 American historical drama thriller film directed, produced by, and starring Ben Affleck. The screenplay, written by Chris Terrio, was adapted from the 1999 memoir The Master of Disguise by U.S. C.I.A. operative Tony Mendez and the 2007 Wired article "The Great Escape: How the CIA Used a Fake Sci-Fi Flick to Rescue Americans from Tehran" written by Joshuah Bearman and edited by Nicholas Thompson. The film deals with the "Canadian Caper", in which Mendez led the rescue of six U.S. diplomats from Tehran, Iran, under the guise of filming a science-fiction film during the 1979–1981 Iran hostage crisis.
The Embassy of the United Kingdom in Tehran is the United Kingdom's diplomatic mission to the Islamic Republic of Iran. It is located at 172 Ferdowsi Avenue in Tehran.
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Barry Rosen is an American former diplomat who was held hostage during the 1979–1981 Iran hostage crisis.
