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The Khakha is a Muslim Rajput tribe native to the Muzaffarabad district of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. [1] [2] [3]
During the Sikh conquest of Kashmir, the Khakha and also the Bhamba tribe, occasionally ventured into the valley on looting expeditions and thus annoyed the Sikh invaders. [4]
It is recorded, that upon a British Officer's visit to Kashmir in 1822, he had to return from Uri as the Khakha chief would not allow him to pass. [4]
The Khakhas began to intensify their raids in consequence to the weakening Sikh power. Eventually, when Maharaja Gulab Singh assumed rulership of Kashmir, he managed to drive back the Khakhas with great difficulty. But knowing the unrelenting fierce reputation of the rebellious Khakhas, he immediately installed strong garrisons in the forts guarding the passes. [5]
Despite facing the best of the Sikh power to subdue them, they still enjoyed a highly privileged position, paying little if any taxes, openly wearing arms and defying orders where possible. [6]
The Khakhas continue their tradition of recording their genealogy. [7]
Literature of Kashmir has a long history, the oldest texts having been composed in the Sanskrit language. Early names include Patanjali, the author of the Mahābhāṣya commentary on Pāṇini's grammar, suggested by some to have been the same to write the Hindu treatise known as the Yogasutra, and Dridhbala, who revised the Charaka Samhita of Ayurveda.
The history of Kashmir is intertwined with the history of the broader Indian subcontinent in South Asia with influences from the surrounding regions of Central and East Asia. Historically, Kashmir referred to only the Kashmir Valley of the western Himalayas. Today, it denotes a larger area that includes the Indian-administered union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, the Pakistan-administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan, and the Chinese-administered regions of Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract.
Prithivi Nath Kaul Bamzai (1910–2007) was a Kashmiri scholar and historian who wrote several books on the history of Kashmir and Central Asia.
The Gakhar are a Punjabi clan found predominantly in the Jhelum District and Gujranwala District in Punjab, Pakistan. The Gakhars now predominantly follow Islam after conversion from Hinduism during the Islamic rule of north India.
Kota Rani was the last ruler of the Hindu Lohara dynasty in Kashmir. She was also the last female ruler of Kashmir. She was regent for her new husband because of the minority of her son in 1323−1338, and ruled as monarch in 1338−1339. She was deposed by Shah Mir, who became the second Muslim ruler of Kashmir after Rinchan who converted to Islam and ruled as Sultan Sadr-ud-din.
Khokhar are a tribe native to the Pothohar Plateau of Pakistani Punjab. Khokhars are also found in Sindh and the Indian states of Punjab and Haryana. The word "Khokhar" itself is of Persian origin and means "bloodthirsty". Khokhars predominantly follow Islam while some continue to follow Hinduism in India. Many Khokhars converted to Islam from Hinduism after coming under the influence of Baba Farid.
Kharal is a Punjabi tribe predominantly found in the Sandal Bar region of Punjab, Pakistan, with significant numbers also present in Pind Dadan Khan, Muzaffargarh, Multan, Bahawalpur and further south to Sindh.
Kashmiris are an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group speaking the Kashmiri language, that live, have lived, or their ancestors have lived, mostly, but not exclusively, in the Kashmir Valley, which is now in the Indian-administered union territory of Jammu and Kashmir.
Dhar or Dar is a Kashmiri surname and clan native to the Kashmir Valley in Jammu and Kashmir, India, and common today among Kashmiri Hindus and Kashmiri Muslims. Outside Kashmir, it is used by members of the Kashmiri diaspora, in places like Punjab, Bengal, Gujarat, and Maharashtra, and more commonly in recent times by the global Kashmiri Pandit diaspora following the Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus in 1989–1990.
The Bomba, also spelled Bambas, are a tribe found in the Pakistani-controlled territory of Azad Jammu and Kashmir and the Indian Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. In Azad Kashmir, they are primarily found in Muzaffarabad and Neelum districts, with a large number concentrated in and around the town of Ghori. Outside of Azad Kashmir, they are also found in the Boi and Kaghan valleys of Mansehra District, and the city of Abbottabad, all located in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. In Jammu and Kashmir, they are found in the Poonch and Rajouri districts of Jammu division.
Poonch District was a district of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, which is currently divided between India and Pakistan. The Pakistani part of the erstwhile district is now the Poonch Division in the Azad Kashmir territory, whilst the Indian part of the district is the Poonch district in Jammu and Kashmir. The capital of the Pakistan-controlled side is Rawalakot; while the capital of the Indian-controlled side is Poonch.
Pandit Taba Ram Turki lived at Rainawari, Srinagar and wrote Persian poetry under the pen name (takhalus) of Betab. Betab made an important contribution to the Persian poetry and he commanded great respect among the poets of Kashmir of his time. Betab was an exceptional poet whose Persian poetry reached as far as Central Asia. Some critics have rated Betab's works at par with the Shahnama of Firdausi. Betab was also proficient with reading and writing Arabic.
Iftikhar Khan was the Mughal governor of the Subah of Kashmir from 1671 to 1675.
The culture of Kashmir encompasses the spoken language, written literature, cuisine, architecture, traditions, and history of the Kashmiri people native to the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. The culture of Kashmir was influenced by the Persian as well as Central Asian cultures after the Islamic rule of Kashmir. Kashmiri culture is heavily influenced by Hinduism, Buddhism and later by Islam.
A damara was a feudal landlord of ancient Kashmir.
Khwaja Muhammad Azam Kaul Didamari was a Sufi Kashmiri writer in the Persian language. Khawaja means "master", Kaul is a surname meaning pundit, Didamari means from the Didamar quarter of Srinagar.
The Janjua is a Punjabi Rajput clan found predominantly in the Pothohar Plateau of Pakistani Punjab. They are sometimes classified as Jats.
History of Shi'ism in Kashmir is marked with conflict and strife, spanning over half a millennium. Incidents of sectarian violence occurred in Kashmir under the rule of Mirza Haider Dughlat, followed by the Mughals (1586–1752), the Afghans (1752–1819), the Sikhs (1819–1845) and the Dogras (1846–1947). A small Shia community has managed to survive in Kashmir till today.
Inayatullah Kashmiri was a prominent Mughal noble of Kashmiri descent in the early 1700s, in the position of the Diwan-i-Tan-o Khalisa.
