Kingdom of Sekar Petuanan Sekar | |
---|---|
Capital | Sekar |
Common languages | Papuan Malay, Sekar |
Religion | Sunni Islam |
King, Queen | |
• 14 June 1896 [1] | Kapita [Note 1] [1] |
• Unknown–1899 | Pandai Congan |
• 1899–1911 | Lakate Heremba (acting) [2] |
• 1911-1915 | Saban Pipi Rumagesan |
• 1915-1942,1946-unknown | Machmud Singgirei Rumagesan |
• unknown | Amir Syahdan Rumagesan |
• 2009-2019 | Rustuty Rumagesan |
• 2019-now | Arief Rumagesan |
Today part of | Indonesia |
The Kingdom of Sekar, formerly called the Kingdom of Kabituwar, is one of the nine kingdoms that still exist in West Papua Province. The other eight kingdoms are Ati-Ati, Patipi, Rumbati, Fatagar, Arguni, Wertuar, Namatota, and Komisi. This kingdom is located on the Onin Peninsula, Kokas district, Fakfak Regency, West Papua. In the early period, Sekar was a subordinate to the Kingdom of Rumbati, but later it was recognized as its own kingdom. [3]
Initially, the Kingdom of Sekar was centered on the entrance of Sekar Bay, which was called Kabituwar. Therefore, the first king, Pandai alias Congan, held the title of King of Kabituwar. The Kokas area became a settlement for many traders from outside Papua, and later this settlement was named Sekar. In 1896, the Sultan of Tidore appointed a man from soa Beraweri, Mner, as the Kapiten king of the Sekar. This appointment was based on the Misool and Rumbati kings' suggestions. Thus, the authority of the Kapiten King of Sekar was separate from the authority of the King of Kabituwar. Mner then moved to Sekar and founded the village of Sekar. Mner's eldest son, Kubis, also received the title of Kapiten King of Sekar, but subsequent descendants no longer received this title. [3]
Meanwhile, before assuming the title of King of Kabituwar, Pandai was an unofficial commissioned king from the Kingdom of Rumbati. His father Paduri alias Weker also held this title. However, when Pandai died, no potential successors were considered. This was because Pandai had no siblings, and his only son, Abdulrachman, was still a child. As a result, the government of the Kabituwar kingdom was led by the rajamuda of Wertuwar named Lakate, who was Pandai's stepson. Pandai was married twice. His second wife, Badika, was previously the wife of the rajamuda of Wertuwar, Inisuka, who was Lakate's father. Lakate assumed his role as the King of Kabituwar, while Saban Pipi Rumagesan carried out the role of the rajamuda, although he was not officially appointed. Pipi himself was the son of Dimin, the adopted "golden child" of Paduri. According to the local custom, Dimin's descendants could not become a king because they did not have a kinship relationship with the previous kings. [3]
In 1911, the Dutch colonial authorities did not find a qualified person to replace Lakate, so they intervened in the succession of the Kabituwar kingdom by appointing Pipi as the king with the title of King Sekar. His daughter had previously been married to Lakate. Due to Pipi's old age, his son Machmud Singgirei Rumagesan was appointed as the rajamuda to assist in governance. Pikpik, originally part of the Atiati kingdom, was transferred to Sekar. [3]
Around 1885, the king of Atiati appointed a local chief in Pikpik, intending to gain war support amidst threats between Rumbati on one side and Atiati and Fatagar on the other. This local chief was named Tatare and was given the title of king, although this title was not recognized by the Dutch government until his son Kauat was acknowledged as the Pikpik chief. However, through the Dutch intervention, all relations between Atiati and Pikpik were abolished, and Pikpik was annexed to the Kingdom of Sekar. It can be assumed that Kauat made several maneuvers to establish his own kingdom without being under Sekar. However, the desires of the Pikpik local chiefs were never supported by the Dutch colonial government. Based on practical considerations, Pikpik was within the jurisdiction of Sekar, although traditionally, the position of the Sekar king as the head of Pikpik was still debated. Some other areas that did not acknowledge the authority of the Sekar king at that time were Sisir and Ugar, which had their own royal lineages. However, the Dutch colonial government fully supported the authority of the Sekar king. [3]
Machmud Singgirei Rumagesan was appointed as king in 1915 and was officially recognized by the Dutch government. However, King Rumagesan often rebelled against the Dutch. His rebellion was sparked by a conflict with Colijn Company, an oil mining company operating in Kokas. In the early period, King Rumagesan and the local residents facilitated the company's operations in Kokas, so the company agreed to give him part of the wages to distribute to the people. However, a local assistant administrator demanded King Rumagesan return the money to him, but King Rumagesan refused. This Assistant Administrator reported to the Controleur van den Terwijk, who then engaged in a fight with King Rumagesan. The local residents supported King Rumagesan and nearly killed van den Terwijk. The rebellion escalated, prompting the colonial government based in Fakfak to send troops. Eventually, 73 local residents and 5 village chiefs were arrested and sentenced to 2–10 years in prison. Meanwhile, King Rumagesan was sentenced to 15 years in prison in Saparua, Maluku. [4] While in prison, Rumagesan wrote a letter seeking help from Muhammad Husni Thamrin, a member of the Volksraad. Thamrin successfully brought Rumagesan's case to court, where it was proven that he was innocent, and he was released in 1941. Machmud Singgirei Rumagesan was later involved in several Indonesian resistance movements against the Dutch colonial rule in Papua. [5] [6] [4]
After Machmud Singgirei Rumagesan passed away, his son, Amir Syahdan Rumagesan, was enthroned as the King of Sekar. [7] However, after Amir's death, a succession conflict occurred. As a result, Rustuty Rumagesan, Singgirei's descendant from a princess of Gowa, became the leader. However, Rustuty refused the title of king and took a middle way by assuming the title "Ratu Petuanan Tanah Rata Kokoda." Rustuty married Sri Harijanto Tjitro Soeksoro, who was a nobleman descended from Mangkunegara III. [8] After Rustuty's death, her uncle Arief Rumagesan, Singgirei's fifth-generation grandson, became the king with the title "Raja Petuanan Pikpik Sekar." [9]
Papua is a province of Indonesia, comprising the northern coast of Western New Guinea together with island groups in Cenderawasih Bay to the west. It roughly follows the borders of Papuan customary region of Tabi Saireri. It is bordered by the sovereign state of Papua New Guinea to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the north, Cenderawasih Bay to the west, and the provinces of Central Papua and Highland Papua to the south. The province also shares maritime boundaries with Palau in the Pacific. Following the splitting off of twenty regencies to create the three new provinces of Central Papua, Highland Papua, and South Papua on 30 June 2022, the residual province is divided into eight regencies and one city (kota), the latter being the provincial capital of Jayapura. The province has a large potential in natural resources, such as gold, nickel, petroleum, etc. Papua, along with five other Papuan provinces, has a higher degree of autonomy level compared to other Indonesian provinces.
Dutch New Guinea or Netherlands New Guinea was the western half of the island of New Guinea that was a part of the Dutch East Indies until 1949, later an overseas territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands from 1949 to 1962. It contained what are now Indonesia's six easternmost provinces, Central Papua, Highland Papua, Papua, South Papua, Southwest Papua, and West Papua, which were administered as a single province prior to 2003 under the name Irian Jaya, and now comprise the Papua region of the country.
West Papua, formerly Irian Jaya Barat, is an Indonesian province located in Indonesia Papua. It covers most of the two western peninsulas of the island of New Guinea, the eastern half of the Bird's Head Peninsula and the whole of the Bomberai Peninsula, along with nearby smaller islands. The province is bordered to the north by the Pacific Ocean, to the west by Southwest Papua Province, the Halmahera Sea and the Ceram Sea, to the south by the Banda Sea, and to the east by the province of Central Papua and the Cenderawasih Bay. Manokwari is the province's capital and largest city. With an estimated population of 569,570 in mid-2023, West Papua is the least populous province in Indonesia after South Papua, following the separation off in 2022 of the western half of the Bird's Head Peninsula to create the new province of Southwest Papua, containing 52% of what had been West Papua's population.
Western New Guinea, also known as Papua, Indonesian New Guinea, and Indonesian Papua, is the western, Indonesian half of the island of New Guinea, granted to Indonesia in 1962. Given the island is alternatively named Papua, the region is also called West Papua.
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The Papua conflict is an ongoing conflict in Western New Guinea (Papua) between Indonesia and the Free Papua Movement. Subsequent to the withdrawal of the Dutch administration from the Netherlands New Guinea in 1962 and implementation of Indonesian administration in 1963, the Free Papua Movement has conducted a low-intensity guerrilla war against Indonesia through the targeting of its military, police, as well as civilian populations.
Fakfak, also known as the District of Fakfak, is a town in West Papua and seat of the Fakfak Regency. It had a population of 12,566 at the 2010 Census, which rose to 18,900 at the 2020 Census. It is served by Fakfak Airport. It is the only town in West Papua with a significant Muslim Indian and Arab Indonesian presence.
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Operation Trikora was a combined Soviet-Indonesian military operation which aimed to seize and annex the Dutch overseas territory of Netherlands New Guinea in 1961 and 1962. After negotiations, the Netherlands signed the New York Agreement with Indonesia on 15 August 1962, relinquishing control of Western New Guinea to the United Nations.
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Major TNI Marthen Indey (1912–1986) was a colonial police officer in New Guinea, Dutch East Indies who later became nationalist fighter in the Indonesian National Revolution and a supporter of Papua becoming part of Indonesia. He was declared a National Hero of Indonesia in 1993 along with two other people of Papuan descent, Frans Kaisiepo and Silas Papare.
The West New Guinea dispute (1950–1962), also known as the West Irian dispute, was a diplomatic and political conflict between the Netherlands and Indonesia over the territory of Dutch New Guinea. While the Netherlands had ceded sovereignty over most of the Dutch East Indies to Indonesia on 27 December 1949 following an independence struggle, it retained control over its colony on the western half of New Guinea. The Indonesian government claimed this territory as well, on the basis that it had belonged to the Dutch East Indies and that the new Republic of Indonesia was the legitimate successor to the former Dutch colony.
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The Patimburak Old Mosque is a mosque located in Kampung Patimburak, Kokas District, Fakfak, West Papua, Indonesia. The oldest mosque in Fakfak Regency, the mosque is one of the historical legacies of Islam in Papua and has become one of the centers of Islam in Fakfak Regency.
Machmud Singgirei Rumagesan was a king of Sekar and pro-integration activist from West Papua. He founded the movement Gerakan Tjendrawasih Revolusioner Irian Barat (GTRIB) in 1953, and became the member of Supreme Advisory Council in 1959. On 10 November 2020, Singgirei Rumagesan was posthumously declared a National Hero of Indonesia for his lifelong efforts to unite West Irian with Indonesia.
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