Machmud Singgirei Rumagesan | |
---|---|
Raja al-Alam Ugar Pik-Pik Sekar | |
Reign | 1915 |
Predecessor | Raja of Kabituwar Pandai of Congan Raja of Sekar Saban Pipi Rumagesan |
Successor | Amir Syahdan Rumagesan [1] |
Born | Kokas, Afdeeling Fakfak | 27 December 1885
Died | 5 July 1964 78) Jakarta, Indonesia | (aged
Burial | Trikora Heroes' Cemetery Kokas, Fakfak Regency |
Spouse | Noen, Princess of Laha Janiba, Princess of Gowa Sultanate [2] |
Issue | Amir Syahdan [1] [3] Amina Hadidja Regaija Boke Salha Masdjab Ratu Petuanan Tanah Rata Kokoda, Rustuty |
House | Rumagesan |
Father | Saban Pipi Rumagesan |
Religion | Sunni Islam |
Machmud Singgirei Rumagesan was a king of Sekar and pro-integration activist from West Papua. He founded the movement Gerakan Tjendrawasih Revolusioner Irian Barat (GTRIB) in 1953, [4] and became the member of Supreme Advisory Council in 1959. On 10 November 2020, Singgirei Rumagesan was posthumously declared a National Hero of Indonesia for his lifelong efforts to unite West Irian with Indonesia. [2]
Machmud Singgirei Rumagesan was born in Kokas, Fakfak Regency, on 27 December 1885, to Saban Pipi Rumagesan. Pipi was the son of Dimin an adopted son of Paduri, commissioned raja under Rumbati. Paduri was succeeded by his son, Pandai which receive the title Raja of Kabituwar (Sekar) from Tidore Sultanate. Lacking noble bloodline, Dimin's descendant cannot take the throne according to local customary law. When Pandai died, no successor was chosen as he did not have any brothers, and his son, Abdulrachman was still a child. Hence Pipi ran the kingdom as Raja Muda without being officially enthroned. With intervention by Dutch colonial authority, Pipi became Raja of Sekar in 1911. Singgirei was crowned as Raja Muda to help with his father. After his father died in 1915 Singgirei ascended the throne to became Raja of Sekar, and officially took the title Raja Al Alam Ugar Sekar. [5]
Singgirei Rumagesan was involved in a conflict relating to Dutch oil mining company Maatschappij Colijn operating in Kokas in 1934, in which he asked them to employ local workers, give better treatment and pay. He was instrumental in setting up the operation hence the company complied and gave their wages to him to distribute, however the Bestuur Assistant requested the money, when he was rejected he reported to Controleur G. van den Terwijk. King Rumagesan and his subjects was involved in a fight with van den Terwijk and almost kill him, the conflict then became a broader rebellion. Dutch colonial authority in Fakfak found out of the incident and sent soldiers to stop the rebellion, as a result, 73 people alongside 5 village leaders were imprisoned and were sentence between 2–10 years. King Rumagesan was sentenced to 15 years in prison in Saparua, Moluccas. In prison he managed to write a letter asking for help to Mohammad Husni Thamrin a member of Volksraad at the time. Thamrin succeeded in bringing Rumagesan's case to court, Rumagesan won and was eventually freed in 1941. [6] [7] [3]
During the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, King Rumagesan was given the title Minanu Tokyo and given some authority in West New Guinea. After the end of the war, he alongside other kings in Papua was ordered to re-raise the Dutch flag on 1 March 1946, which he refused and lowered the flags the next day. This ignited a fight with Dutch colonial authority, which he lost. He was later imprisoned in Doom Island, Sorong, where he managed to recruit some followers especially former local Kempei-Ho/Hei Ho as well as the support from local Sangaji Malan with Pioneers of Independence Organization, [8] and managed to form a force armed with 40 rifles. [3] [9] Dutch colonial authority would found out and he was exiled to Manokwari. There he also managed to influence some Papuans and they hatched an arson plot on Dutch barracks. This plot was thwarted and Rumagesan along with his followers were moved to Abepura, Hollandia, he was sentenced to death before eventually moved to Makassar in 1949 and before eventually Nusa Kambangan. [7] However he was freed from prison on 2 May 1950 under the authority of RIS court. [10]
On 24 June 1950, Rumagesan was ushered by Albert Karubuy to visit Sukarno, in a meeting where he was disappointed that since 1950 Sukarno's speeches were only heard from "Sabang to Dobo" instead of "Sabang to Merauke", quoting Sukarno's speeches and the phrase would be popularised later on, he accepted the resolution of Round Table Conference that Irian matters should be solved after one year but instead have passed two and a half years, and would support republican government. On 26 January 1951, his daughter Boke Salha gave a public speech in Balikpapan in support of Irian becoming part of Indonesia and about her dad's experience fighting the Dutch in 1936. [3] In 1953, he founded the movement Gerakan Tjendrawasih Revolusioner Irian Barat (GTRIB) and with Abbas Iha, Gerakan Organisasi Pemuda Cendrawasih Muda. He alongside King of Rumbati, Ibrahim Bauw, who founded the movement New Guinea Islamic Union (KING), advocated for Jihad Fisabilillah in Papuan mosques against Netherlands. [4] [11] In the same year there was a revolt in Fakfak Regency under the leadership of Abutalib bin Paris from Kokas. [12]
Since 1950, He alongside N.L. Suwages had represented West Irian as member of a body called Supreme Advisory Council, it was restructured to be National Council in 1957, before it was returned to its previous structure in 1959. [13] During this time he would accommodate J.A. Dimara in his house as Dimara recovered in Jakarta after invasion against RMS. [14] He coordinated closely with President cabinet efforts on Irian in 1954, including his approved request of the formation of "Rumagessan Battalion" specially for Irian under T&T VII/Wirabuana in preparation for infiltration into New Guinea, the formation of Irian Bureau predecessor of Papua governorship and decision on its leadership board, although some of his suggestions would be rejected. [15]
Front Nasional Pembebasan Irian Barat (FNPIB) was formed on 31 December 1959 to unite national effort on West Irian issues, Operation A under Col. Magenda would be to train Papuans volunteers for infiltration to West New Guinea from North Moluccas, Operation B would be focused on Papuan educations, and Operation C would be run by Uyeng Suwargana tasked with approaching groups in Netherlands to change its position. [16] On 13–15 April 1961 there was a Cibogo Conference, Bogor, which was organized by Papuan exiles in Indonesia, whose goal was to organized joint civilian-military efforts on West Irian and to match efforts by New Guinea Council. Notable participants include Rumagesan, Suwages, Silas Papare, Sugoro Atmoprasojo, Abdul Haris Nasution, and member DPRGR of West Irian, Adrianus Leonard Marani. By December 1961 Depertan was formed a body which would form West Irian High Command (KOTI), and eventually the Trikora declaration by Sukarno on 19 December 1961. [12]
As the leader of GTRIB he was given honorary certification from Kodam VII/Wirabuana Resimen Infanteri-25 and from chief of staff of Indonesian Army. [17]
When Singgirei visited to Sulawesi with Sukarno in 1950s, he was welcomed by local dancers. One of those dancers was Janiba, a 17 year old princess from Gowa Sultanate. [2] [18] He would marry her and she would gave birth to Rustuty Rumagesan. [2] Singgirei was succeeded by his son, after he died, there was a conflict of succession, hence Rustuty was asked to become the king. She rejected the Raja title and instead style herself as "Ratu Petuanan Tanah Rata Kokoda". [2] After she died, PYM. Arief Rumagesan, fifth grandchild of Singgirei, succeeded her as "Raja Petuanan Pikpik Sekar". [19]
Dutch New Guinea or Netherlands New Guinea was the western half of the island of New Guinea that was a part of the Dutch East Indies until 1949, later an overseas territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands from 1949 to 1962. It contained what are now Indonesia's six easternmost provinces, Central Papua, Highland Papua, Papua, South Papua, Southwest Papua, and West Papua, which were administered as a single province prior to 2003 under the name Irian Jaya, and now comprise the Papua region of the country.
West Papua, formerly Irian Jaya Barat, is a province of Indonesia. It covers most of the two western peninsulas of the island of New Guinea, the eastern half of the Bird's Head Peninsula and the whole of the Bomberai Peninsula, along with nearby smaller islands. The province is bordered to the north by the Pacific Ocean, to the west by Southwest Papua Province, the Halmahera Sea and the Ceram Sea, to the south by the Banda Sea, and to the east by the province of Central Papua and the Cenderawasih Bay. Manokwari is the province's capital and largest city. With an estimated population of 561,403 in mid-2022, West Papua is the least populous province in Indonesia after Southwest Papua, which was a part of West Papua until separated off in 2022.
Sorong is the largest city and the capital of the Indonesian province of Southwest Papua. The city is located on the western tip of the island of New Guinea with its only land borders being with Sorong Regency. It is the gateway to Indonesia's Raja Ampat Islands, species rich coral reef islands in an area considered the heart of the world's coral reef biodiversity. It also is the logistics hub for Indonesia's thriving eastern oil and gas frontier. Sorong has experienced exponential growth since 2010, and further growth is anticipated as Sorong becomes linked by road to other frontier towns in Papua's Bird's Head Peninsula.
Salawati is one of the four major islands in the Raja Ampat Islands in Southwest Papua, Indonesia. Its area is 1,623 km2. Salawati is separated from New Guinea to the southeast by the Sele Strait, and from Batanta to the north by the Pitt Strait.
This is a list of some of the regions of Indonesia. Many regions are defined in law or regulations by the central government. At different times of Indonesia's history, the nation has been designated as having regions that do not necessarily correlate to the current administrative or physical geography of the territory of the nation.
Frans Kaisiepo was a Papuan politician and Indonesian nationalist. He served as the fourth Governor of Papua Province. In 1993, Kaisiepo was posthumously declared a National Hero of Indonesia for his lifelong efforts to unite West Irian with Indonesia. As the representative of Papua province, he was involved in the Malino Conference, where the formation of the United States of Indonesia was discussed.
Bomberai Peninsula, is located in the Western New Guinea region, opposite to and to the south of the Bird's Head Peninsula. To the west lies the Sebakor Bay and to the south Kamrau Bay. Sabuda island lies off the western tip of the peninsula, and is separated from the mainland by Berau and Bintuni straits.
Nicolaas Jouwe was a Papuan leader who was selected to be vice president of the New Guinea Council that governed the Dutch colony of Netherlands New Guinea. As the president of the New Guinea Council was the Dutch civil servant Frits Sollewijn Gelpke, Jouwe was the highest ranking Papuan politician in the colony.
Operation Trikora was a combined Soviet-Indonesian military operation which aimed to seize and annex the Dutch overseas territory of Netherlands New Guinea in 1961 and 1962. After negotiations, the Netherlands signed the New York Agreement with Indonesia on 15 August 1962, relinquishing control of Western New Guinea to the United Nations.
National Hero of Indonesia is the highest-level title awarded in Indonesia. It is posthumously given by the Government of Indonesia for actions which are deemed to be heroic, defined as "actual deeds which can be remembered and exemplified for all time by other citizens" or "extraordinary service furthering the interests of the state and people". The Ministry of Social Affairs gives seven criteria which an individual must fulfill, as follows:
Major TNI Johannes Abraham Dimara was an Indonesian National Hero from Papua.
Major TNI Marthen Indey (1912–1986) was a colonial police officer in New Guinea, Dutch East Indies who later became nationalist fighter in the Indonesian National Revolution and a supporter of Papua becoming part of Indonesia. He was declared a National Hero of Indonesia in 1993 along with two other people of Papuan descent, Frans Kaisiepo and Silas Papare.
Silas Ayari Donrai Papare was a Papuan–Indonesian politician and guerilla leader who is a National Hero of Indonesia.
The West New Guinea dispute (1950–1962), also known as the West Irian dispute, was a diplomatic and political conflict between the Netherlands and Indonesia over the territory of Dutch New Guinea. While the Netherlands had ceded sovereignty over most of the Dutch East Indies to Indonesia on 27 December 1949 following an independence struggle, it retained control over its colony on the western half of New Guinea. The Indonesian government claimed this territory as well, on the basis that it had belonged to the Dutch East Indies and that the new Republic of Indonesia was the legitimate successor to the former Dutch colony.
West Irian Liberation Monument is a postwar modernist monument located in Jakarta, Indonesia. It is located in the center of Lapangan Banteng in Sawah Besar, Central Jakarta. Sukarno, then President of Indonesia, commissioned the monument in 1963 following the West New Guinea dispute in which Indonesia received the territory of Western New Guinea from the Netherlands.
The Indonesian Irian Independence Party was a pro-Indonesian party in the Netherlands New Guinea. The party was established in 1946 by several pro-Indonesian students as a way to support the integration of Papua into the territory of Indonesia. The party's leader, Silas Papare was awarded as the National Hero of Indonesia posthumously on 14 September 1993.
Sultan Zainal Abidin Alting Syah was the 26th Sultan of Tidore in Maluku Islands, reigning from 1947 to 1967. He was also the appointed Governor of Irian Barat in 1956–1962 before the actual inclusion of Irian Barat in Indonesia, serving official Indonesian claims against Dutch colonial rule.
The Kingdom of Kaimana or Kingdom of Sran is one of the oldest Muslim kingdoms in West Papua, Indonesia. The kingdom was established by Imaga, with the title Rat Sran Nati Pattimuni, traditionally in 1309.
Abdul Hakim Achmad Aituarauw was a former legislative member of DPR West Papua, a legislative candidate for DPR-RI West Papua and also the former king of Kingdom of Kaimana in West Papua, Indonesia.
Southwest Papua is the 38th province of Indonesia and was split off from West Papua on 8 December 2022. Despite being named southwest, it is a misnomer and this province is actually located in the northwest edge of Papua. The province comprises the Greater Sorong area which consists of Sorong City, Sorong Regency, South Sorong Regency, Maybrat Regency, Tambrauw Regency, and Raja Ampat Regency. The Bill (RUU) on the Establishment of the Southwest Papua Province was passed into law and therefore it became the 38th province in Indonesia.
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