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Kolchak Coup | |||||||
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Part of Russian Civil War | |||||||
Admiral Kolchak at the center of his inner circle, 1918. | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
White movement | PA-RG | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Alexander Kolchak | Nikolai Avksentiev |
The Kolchak Coup or Omsk Coup [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] refers to the events of November 18, 1918, when members associated the left wing of the Directory (Provisional All-Russian Government) were arrested by members of the White Army in Omsk and the subsequent decision of the All-Russian Council of Ministers to transfer sole supreme power to the Minister of Military and Naval Affairs Alexander Kolchak.
According to Russian historian Valentina Dmitrievna Zimina , the events that took place in Omsk on November 18, 1918, were generally the result of the struggle between two systems of government that unfolded after the overthrow of Soviet power in the Volga region and Siberia: the Omsk non-party “right” principle, personified by the Provisional Siberian Government, and the Samara narrow-party “left” principle represented by KOMUCH. [6] [7]
On the night of November 17, an incident occurred that seemed insignificant to eyewitnesses: at a city banquet in honor of the French General Janin, three high-ranking Cossack officers - the head of the Omsk garrison, Colonel of the Siberian Cossack Army Vyacheslav Ivanovich Volkov. The Directory was irritated as Russian military sergeants demanded the Russian National Anthem "God save the Tsar!" to be performed. The Directory ordered the arrest of the military sergeants for “inappropriate behavior”
Without waiting for their arrest, Volkov then carried out the arrest of the left wing of the Provisional All-Russian Government.
Not a single military unit came out in support of The Directory, The Directory security battalion, consisting of Socialist Revolutionaries, was proactively disarmed by military members apart of the coup. Kolchak did not personally participate in the coup, but was informed by the conspirators. [8]
The next morning, The Council of Ministers met after the arrest of the Social Revolutionaries, the ministers decided on the need to assume full supreme power and then transfer it to an elected person who would lead on the principles of unity of command. The election was held on a secret ballot using closed notes and Admiral Alexander Kolchak was chosen [9]
Kolchak was promoted to full admiral, the exercise of supreme state power was transferred to him and he was awarded the title of Supreme Ruler. All the armed forces of the state were subordinate to him. The Supreme Ruler was given the authority to take any measures, even emergency ones, to ensure the armed forces, as well as to establish civil order and legality.
Lavr Georgiyevich Kornilov was a Russian military intelligence officer, explorer, and general in the Imperial Russian Army during World War I and the ensuing Russian Civil War. Kornilov was of Siberian Cossack origin. Today he is best remembered for the Kornilov Affair, an unsuccessful endeavor in August/September 1917 that was intended to strengthen Alexander Kerensky's Provisional Government, but which led to Kerensky eventually having Kornilov arrested and charged with attempting a coup d'état, and ultimately undermined Kerensky's rule.
Grigory Mikhaylovich Semyonov, or Semenov, was a Japanese-supported leader of the White movement in Transbaikal and beyond from December 1917 to November 1920, a lieutenant general, and the ataman of Baikal Cossacks (1919). Semyonov was also a prominent figure in the White Terror. U.S. Army intelligence estimated that he was responsible for executing 30,000 people in one year.
The White Army or White Guard, also referred to as the Whites or White Guardsmen, was a common collective name for the armed formations of the White movement and anti-Bolshevik governments during the Russian Civil War. They fought against the Red Army of Soviet Russia.
The Provisional All-Russian Government (PA-RG), informally known as The Directory, The Ufa Directory, or The Omsk Directory, was a short-lived government during the Russian Civil War, formed on 23 September 1918 at the State Conference in Ufa as a result of a forced and extremely unstable compromise of various anti-Communist forces in eastern Russia. It was dissolved two months later after the coup, which had brought Admiral Alexander Kolchak to power in Communist-free areas of eastern Russia.
The Provisional Priamurye Government or Provisional Priamur Government existed in the region of Priamurye of the Russian Far East between May 27, 1921 and June 16, 1923. It was the last Russian State enclave during the Russian Civil War.
Viktor Nikolayevich Pepelyayev was a Russian politician, a supporter of Admiral Alexander Kolchak, and the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the State of Russia.
The White movement in Transbaikal was a period of the confrontation between the Soviets and the Whites over dominance in Transbaikal from December 1917 to November 1920.
The Siberian Army was an anti-Bolshevik army during the Russian Civil War, which fought from June 1918 – July 1919 in Siberia – Ural Region.
The Provisional Siberian Government was a short-lived government in Siberia created by the White movement in 1918.
Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak was a Russian admiral, military leader and polar explorer who held the title of Supreme Ruler of Russia from 1918 to 1920 during the Russian Civil War, though his actual control over Russian territory was limited. Previously, he served in the Imperial Russian Navy and fought in the Russo-Japanese War and World War I.
The 5th Pri-Amur Corps was a formation of the Siberian Army, part of the anti-Bolshevik White movement during the Russian Civil War. It primarily operated in the Transbaikal region and was headquartered in the city of Chita. The 5th Corps was formed from the Transbaikal Cossacks and various other volunteer forces fighting under Ataman (chief) Grigory Semyonov, as part of his Special Manchurian Unit.
Leonid Aleksandrovich Ustrugov was a Russian railway engineer who served as the Minister of Railways in the White government of Admiral Alexander Kolchak during the Russian Civil War from 1918 to 1920. He later became a victim of Stalin's Great Purge.
The Russian State was a White Army anti-Bolshevik state proclaimed by the Act of the Ufa State Conference of September 23, 1918, “On the formation of the all-Russian supreme power” in the name of “restoring state unity and independence of Russia” affected by the revolutionary events of 1917, the October Revolution and the signing of the treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany.
The Supreme Ruler of Russia, also referred to as the Supreme Leader of Russia, was the head of state and supreme commander-in-chief of the Russian State, an anti-Bolshevik government established by the White Movement during the Russian Civil War. For nearly two years from November 1918 until April 1920, the armies of the White Movement were nominally united under the administration of the Russian State, during which the Russian State claimed to be the sole legal government of Russia. The office's sole holder for most of its existence, and the only one to officially adopt the titles and functions of the Supreme Ruler, was Admiral Alexander Kolchak, who was elected to the position by the All-Russian Council of Ministers following the November 18 coup which overthrew the Directory.
The State Conference in Ufa which took place on September 8–23, 1918, in the city of Ufa in southern Russia was the most representative forum of anti-Bolshevik governments, political parties, Cossack troops, and local governments of eastern Russia.
The Bashkir Government was the supreme executive authority of Bashkiria.
Pyotr Vasilievich Vologodsky was a Russian statesman, public figure, and mason. He was the first chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Russian state and the second and last chairman of the Provisional Siberian government.
Sergei Nikolaevich Rozanov was a lieutenant general, a leader of the White movement.
The Russian Government was the highest executive body in White-controlled parts of Russia during the Russian Civil War, formed as a result of the coup of 18 November 1918 in Omsk headed by Alexander Kolchak.