Kolchak Coup

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Kolchak Coup
Part of Russian Civil War
Directoria.jpg
Admiral Kolchak at the center of his inner circle, 1918.
Date18 November 1918
Location
Status Admiral Kolchak becomes Supreme Ruler of Russia
Belligerents
Flag of Russia.svg White movement Flag of Russia.svg PA-RG
Commanders and leaders
Flag of Russia.svg Alexander Kolchak Flag of Russia.svg Nikolai Avksentiev

The Kolchak Coup or Omsk Coup [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] refers to the events of November 18, 1918, when members associated the left wing of the Directory (Provisional All-Russian Government) were arrested by members of the White Army in Omsk and the subsequent decision of the All-Russian Council of Ministers to transfer sole supreme power to the Minister of Military and Naval Affairs Alexander Kolchak.

Contents

Context

According to Russian historian Valentina Dmitrievna Zimina  [ ru ], the events that took place in Omsk on November 18, 1918, were generally the result of the struggle between two systems of government that unfolded after the overthrow of Soviet power in the Volga region and Siberia: the Omsk non-party “right” principle, personified by the Provisional Siberian Government, and the Samara narrow-party “left” principle represented by KOMUCH. [6] [7]

Events of November 18

On the night of November 17, an incident occurred that seemed insignificant to eyewitnesses: at a city banquet in honor of the French General Janin, three high-ranking Cossack officers - the head of the Omsk garrison, Colonel of the Siberian Cossack Army Vyacheslav Ivanovich Volkov. The Directory was irritated as Russian military sergeants demanded the Russian National Anthem "God save the Tsar!" to be performed. The Directory ordered the arrest of the military sergeants for “inappropriate behavior”

Without waiting for their arrest, Volkov then carried out the arrest of the left wing of the Provisional All-Russian Government.

Not a single military unit came out in support of The Directory, The Directory security battalion, consisting of Socialist Revolutionaries, was proactively disarmed by military members apart of the coup. Kolchak did not personally participate in the coup, but was informed by the conspirators. [8]

The next morning, The Council of Ministers met after the arrest of the Social Revolutionaries, the ministers decided on the need to assume full supreme power and then transfer it to an elected person who would lead on the principles of unity of command. The election was held on a secret ballot using closed notes and Admiral Alexander Kolchak was chosen [9]

Kolchak was promoted to full admiral, the exercise of supreme state power was transferred to him and he was awarded the title of Supreme Ruler. All the armed forces of the state were subordinate to him. The Supreme Ruler was given the authority to take any measures, even emergency ones, to ensure the armed forces, as well as to establish civil order and legality.

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References

  1. Nikolai Golovin. Russian Counter-Revolution in 1917-1918 (in Russian). ISBN   9785811243181.
  2. Ivan Fedorovich Plotnikov (1998). Александр Васильевич Колчак. Жизнь и деятельность[Aleksandr Vasilʹevich Kolchak. Life and work] (in Russian). Phoenix Publishing House.
  3. Vladimir Zenzinov (1919). The coup d'etat of Admiral Kolchak in Omsk, November 18, 1918. Collection of documents (in Russian).
  4. "About the history of the Omsk coup d'état (November 18-19, 1918)". Sibirskaya-Zaimka (in Russian).
  5. Vadim Zhuravlev. "'Having Given That Person the Name of the Supreme Governor': On the Title Assumed by Admiral A. V. Kolchak on 18th November 1918". CyberLeninka (in Russian).
  6. Zimina, Valentina Dmitrievna (2006). The White movement of Russia in rebellion: political regimes of the civil war. 1917-1920 (in Russian). p. 145. ISBN   5-7281-0806-7.
  7. "Encyclopedia Britannica | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
  8. "The White Movement in South Russia:", Civil War in South Russia, 1919-1920, University of California Press, pp. 309–320, 2023-09-01, ISBN   978-0-520-32780-1 , retrieved 2024-04-06
  9. Zyri︠a︡nov, Pavel (2012). Admiral Kolchak, verkhovnyĭ pravitelʹ Rossii. Zhiznʹ zamechatelʹnykh li︠u︡deĭ. Serii︠a︡ biografiĭ. Moskva: Molodai︠a︡ gvardii︠a︡. ISBN   978-5-235-03375-7.