The Kyrgyz Republic Seismic Network (KRNET) is a regional continuous telemetric network of very broadband seismic data in Kyrgyzstan. [1] It was established in 2008 and replaced the Kyrgyz Seismic Network (KNET) from 1991.
The Kyrgyz Republic Seismic Network (KRNET) is a regional continuous telemetric network of very broadband seismic data in Kyrgyzstan. [1] It was established in 2008 and replaced the Kyrgyz Seismic Network (KNET) from 1991.
The territory of Kyrgyzstan is characterized by high seismicity. About three thousand earthquakes occur on average each year with magnitude up to eight points. Therefore, seismic monitoring is of crucial importance to the country. [2]
The Kyrgyz Seismic Network (KNET) was jointly developed under the Joint Seismic Program by the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS), including the University of California, San Diego, the Kyrgyz Institute of Seismology, and the Russian Institute of High Temperature Physics. [3] As a part of the US-USSR Joint Seismic Program, KNET was installed in 1991 by a team of American, Russian, and Kyrgyz seismologists. The network carried on its operation under an agreement between IRIS Consortium and the Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. [4]
It is located along the boundary between northern Tian Shan mountains and the Kazakh platform. Several major tectonic features are spanned by the network including a series of thrust faults in the Tien Shan, the Chu Valley, and the NW- SE trending ridges north of Bishkek. The network consists of Streckeisen STS-2 sensors with 24-bit PASSCAL data loggers. All continuous real-time data are accessible through the IRIS DMC in Seattle with over 95% data availability. [1]
The KNET system is designed to monitor regional seismic activity for events of magnitudes higher than 3.5. It also provides high quality data for research projects in regional and global broadband seismology. Through its operations, KNET ensures delivery of high-performance seismic data. This data is used in research, such as monitoring domestic seismic activities, estimation of seismic hazards, or detailed analyses of the structures of Earth’s crust and mantle. [5]
Several institutions, such as the national institutes of seismology in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan, the National Nuclear Centre of Kazakhstan (NNCK), and the Russian Academy of Sciences, use KNET data for estimating seismic hazards. In addition, NNCK in conjunction with LAMONT laboratory (USA) carried out verification research and monitoring of nuclear detonations in China, India and Pakistan using KNET data. [1]
KNET consists of ten stations: [6]
1. Ala-Archa(AAK)
2. AML Almayashu(AML)
3. Chumysh (CHM)
4. Erkin-Sai(EKS2)
5. Karagaibulak (KBK)
6. Kuzart(KZA)
7. Tokmak(TKM2)
8. Uchtor(UCH)
9. Ulahole(ULHL)
10. Uspenovka (USP)
The stations are located near the capital of the country, Bishkek. The telemetry system was upgraded in 1998. [1]
KRNET is a network of fifteen digital broad-band stations located mostly in the seismically high active southern parts of Kyrgyzstan. The network was introduced in 2008 within the frame of NORSAR, assisted by the Ministry of Foreign affairs of Norway. Along with its predecessor, KNET, the new network provides a good coverage of the country's territory, allowing major improvements in the accuracy of seismic event locations. [7]
The real time data transmission from the stations is available online through the GPRS Internet to the Kyrgyz National Data Center, and further to FDSN though high-speed internet. This data is openly available on the website of IRIS. [8]
KRNET consists of fifteen stations: [6]
1. Ananevo (ANVS)
2. Aral (ARLS)
3. Arkit (ARK)
4. Arslanbob(ARSB)
5. Batken (BTK)
6. Boom (BOOM)
7. Karakol (PRZ)
8. Naryn (NRN)
9. Toktogul (TOKL)
10. Osh (OHH)
11. SSD (FRU1)
12. Kaji-Sai (KDJ)
13. Karamyk (DRK)
14. Manas (MNAS)
15. Sufi-Kurgan (SFK)
Bishkek, formerly Pishpek and Frunze, is the capital and largest city of Kyrgyzstan. Bishkek is also the administrative centre of the Chüy Region. The region surrounds the city, although the city itself is not part of the region but rather a region-level unit of Kyrgyzstan. Bishkek is situated near the border with Kazakhstan and has a population of 1,074,075, as of 2021. Bishkek is the primate city of Kyrgyzstan—it is the sole metropolis in the country, and about 17% of all inhabitants of the country live in Bishkek's metropolitan area.
Kyrgyzstan is a landlocked nation in Central Asia, west of the People's Republic of China. Less than a ninth the size of Kazakhstan, at 199,951 square kilometers, Kyrgyzstan is one of the smaller Central Asian states. The national territory extends about 900 km (560 mi) from east to west and 410 km (250 mi) from north to south.
Telecommunications in Kyrgyzstan include fixed and mobile telephones and the Internet.
Seismology is the scientific study of earthquakes and the generation and propagation of elastic waves through the Earth or other planetary bodies. It also includes studies of earthquake environmental effects such as tsunamis as well as diverse seismic sources such as volcanic, tectonic, glacial, fluvial, oceanic microseism, atmospheric, and artificial processes such as explosions and human activities. A related field that uses geology to infer information regarding past earthquakes is paleoseismology. A recording of Earth motion as a function of time, created by a seismograph is called a seismogram. A seismologist is a scientist works in basic or applied seismology.
Kyrgyzstan, officially the Kyrgyz Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Asia, lying in the Tian Shan and Pamir mountain ranges. Bishkek is the capital and largest city of the country. Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the south, and China to the east and southeast. Ethnic Kyrgyz make up the majority of the country's 7 million people, followed by significant minorities of Uzbeks and Russians.
The Chu is a river in Northern Kyrgyzstan and Southern Kazakhstan. Of its total length of 1,067 kilometres (663 mi), the first 115 kilometres are in Kyrgyzstan, then for 221 kilometres the river is the border between Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan and the last 731 kilometres are in Kazakhstan. It is one of the longest rivers in Kyrgyzstan and in Kazakhstan. It has a drainage basin of 62,500 square kilometres (24,100 sq mi).
IRIS was a university research consortium dedicated to exploring the Earth's interior through the collection and distribution of seismographic data. IRIS programs contributed to scholarly research, education, earthquake hazard mitigation, and the verification of a Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. Support for IRIS came from the National Science Foundation, other federal agencies, universities, and private foundations. IRIS supported five major components, the Data Management Center (DMC), the Portable Array Seismic Studies of the Continental Lithosphere (PASSCAL), the Global Seismographic Network (GSN), the Transportable Array (USARRAY), and the Education and Public Outreach Program (EPO). IRIS maintained a Corporate Office in Washington, D.C.
The EarthScope project was an National Science Foundation (NSF) funded earth science program that, from 2003-2018, used geological and geophysical techniques to explore the structure and evolution of the North American continent and to understand the processes controlling earthquakes and volcanoes. The project had three components: USArray, the Plate Boundary Observatory, and the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth. Organizations associated with the project included UNAVCO, the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS), Stanford University, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Several international organizations also contributed to the initiative. EarthScope data are publicly accessible.
NORSAR is a foundation established in 1968 as part of the Norwegian-US agreement for the detection of earthquakes and nuclear explosions. The name derives from the foundation's original project, the Norwegian Seismic Array.
Kyrgyzstan–Russia relations are the relations between the two countries, Kyrgyzstan and Russia. Russia has an embassy in Bishkek and a consulate in Osh, and Kyrgyzstan has an embassy in Moscow, a consulate in Ekaterinburg, and a vice-consulate in Novosibirsk.
The Swiss Seismological Service at ETH Zurich is the federal agency responsible for monitoring earthquakes in Switzerland and its neighboring countries and for assessing Switzerland's seismic hazard. When an earthquake happens, the SED informs the public, authorities, and the media about the earthquake's location, magnitude, and possible consequences. The activities of the SED are integrated in the federal action plan for earthquake precaution.
The 1911 Kebin earthquake, or Chon-Kemin earthquake, struck Russian Turkestan on 3 January. Registering at a moment magnitude of 8.0, it killed 452 people, destroyed more than 770 buildings in Almaty, Kazakhstan, and resulted in 125 miles (201 km) of surface faulting in the valleys of Chon-Kemin, Chilik and Chon-Aksu.
The Kichi-Kemin is a river in Kemin District of Chüy Region of Kyrgyzstan and Korday District of Kazakhstan. It is a right tributary of the Chu in Chüy Valley. It is 81 kilometres (50 mi) long with a basin area of 614 square kilometres (237 sq mi). The flow of the Kichi-Kemin considerably varies; the minimum flow is 0.46 cubic metres per second (16 cu ft/s) in February, and the maximum is 8.63 cubic metres per second (305 cu ft/s) in July.
Weston Observatory is a geophysical research laboratory of the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Boston College. The Observatory is located in the town of Weston, Massachusetts, about 13 miles (21 km) west of downtown Boston.
The National Seismological Center of the University of Chile is part of the Department of Physical and Mathematical Sciences at the University of Chile. The center collects information about seismic activity in Chile and delivers it to the National Office of Emergency at the Ministry of the Interior (ONEMI) and the Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service of the Chilean Navy (SHOA). The current director of the CSN is Sergio Barrientos Parra. The National Seismological Center is housed by the Department of Geophysics (DGF).
The National Centre for Seismology (NCS) is an office of India's Ministry of Earth Sciences. The office monitors earthquakes and conducts seismological research. Specifically, it provides earthquake surveillance and hazard reports to governmental agencies. It consists of various divisions:
The Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS) is a collaboration of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and regional, state, and academic partners that collects and analyzes data on significant earthquakes to provide near real-time information to emergency responders and officials, the news media, and the public. Such information is used to anticipate the likely severity and extent of damage, and to guide decisions on the responses needed.
Climate change is evident in Kyrgyzstan. Among the countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Kyrgyzstan is the third most vulnerable to the effects of climate change, such as changes in weather patterns that could lead to prolonged periods of precipitation and drought. Moreover, the frequent occurrence of extreme weather and climate events such as heatwaves, droughts, heavy rainfalls, and biotic/abiotic catastrophes during recent years are evidence of climate change. Kyrgyzstan is threatened with glacier melting and a lack of freshwater balance, which are accelerated by global warming. The average temperature has increased from 4.8 °C to 6 °C so far within the last 20 years. In 2013 the World Bank estimated a likely increase of 2 °C in average mean temperature by 2060 and of 4–5 °C by 2100, noting that the country's glaciers were significantly reduced and projected to decline further. A significant warming trend in Kyrgyztsan with a projected increase of 6°C under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenario SSP5-8.5 from 2076 to 2096. However the very slight increase in temperature is expected to positively affect climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture, energy, and forestry as more land is within the optimum temperature band.
The World-Wide Standardized Seismograph Network (WWSSN) – originally the World-Wide Network of Seismograph Stations (WWNSS) – was a global network of about 120 seismograph stations built in the 1960s that generated an unprecedented collection of high quality seismic data. This data enabled seismology to become a quantitative science, elucidated the focal mechanisms of earthquakes and the structure of the Earth's crust, and contributed to the development of plate tectonic theory. The WWSSN is credited with spurring a renaissance in seismological research.
The 1902 Turkestan earthquake devastated Xinjiang, China, near the Kyrgyzstan border. It occurred on August 22, 1902, at 03:00:22 with an epicenter in the Tien Shan mountains. The thrust earthquake measured 7.7 on the moment magnitude scale (Mw ) and had a depth of 18 km (11 mi).