La Ronde | |
---|---|
Original title | Reigen |
Written by | Arthur Schnitzler |
Date premiered | 1920 |
Original language | German |
Setting | Vienna in the 1890s |
La Ronde (also known by its original German title, Reigen) [1] is a play in which ten people form an unwitting interpersonal circle with their secret sexual relationships. It was written by Arthur Schnitzler in 1897 and was controversial at that time. It scrutinizes the sexual morality and class ideology of its day through successive encounters between pairs of characters (before or after a sexual encounter). By choosing characters across all levels of society, the play offers social commentary on how sexual contact transgresses class boundaries. Printed privately in 1900, it was not publicly performed until 1920, when it provoked strong reactions. The play's two titles –in German Reigen and in French La Ronde –refer to a round dance, as portrayed in the English rhyme Ring a Ring o' Roses.
La Ronde was first printed in 1900 for private circulation amongst friends. [2] [ citation needed ] In 1903, the first German-language edition was published in Vienna, selling some 40,000 copies, but was banned by the censors a year later. A German editor was found in 1908 to publish the play from Germany. In 1912 it was translated into French, and in 1920 into English and published as Hands Around. In 1917 an English translation written by Marya Mannes was published by Boni & Liveright, inc. A Dutch translation, by Jo van Ammers-Küller, was published in 1923 as Rondedans: tien dialogen.
Schnitzler's play was not publicly performed until 23 December 1920 in Berlin and 1 February 1921 in Vienna. (An unauthorized production was staged earlier in Budapest in 1912.) [3] The play elicited violent critical and popular reactions. Schnitzler suffered moralistic and personal attacks that became virulently antisemitic; he was attacked as a Jewish pornographer and the outcry came to be known as the "Reigen scandal." [4] Despite a 1921 Berlin court verdict that dismissed the charges of immorality, Schnitzler withdrew La Ronde himself from public production in German-speaking countries. [5]
The play remained popular in Russia, Czechoslovakia and especially in France, where it was twice adapted for the cinema, in 1950 and 1964. In 1982, fifty years after Schnitzler's death, his son Heinrich Schnitzler re-released the play for German-language performances.
In 1922, Sigmund Freud wrote to Schnitzler: "You have learned through intuition – though actually as a result of sensitive introspection – everything that I have had to unearth by laborious work on other persons."
The play is set in the 1890s in Vienna. Its dramatic structure consists of ten interlocking scenes between pairs of lovers. Each of its ten characters appears in two consecutive scenes (with one from the final scene, The Whore, having appeared in the first).
In 1981 the theatrical rights to Schnitzler's play fell temporarily out of copyright and several stage adaptations were crafted and performed.
In 1982 the play had its British premiere at the Royal Exchange, Manchester directed by Casper Wrede with William Hope as The Young Man, Cindy O'Callaghan as The Nursemaid and Gabrielle Drake as The Young Married Woman.
In 1989, Mihály Kornis re-located its action to communist-era Hungary, rendering the Young Gentleman and the Husband as communist politicians. Michael John LaChiusa's musical adaptation Hello Again was produced off-Broadway in 1994. David Hare's The Blue Room re-located its action to contemporary London, where it was first staged at the Donmar Warehouse in 1998. A group-written version, set on an Australian Federal election night and Sydney Mardi Gras, and presented as a part of the Sydney Festival in January 2002, 360 Positions in a One Night Stand, by Ben Ellis, Veronica Gleeson, Nick Marchand, Tommy Murphy, and Emma Vuletic, [6] and directed by Chris Mead. [7] There have been four notable gay versions of the story: Eric Bentley's Round 2 (1986) is set in New York in the 1970s; Jack Heifner's Seduction and Michael Kearns's pro-safe-sex piece Complications (2004) (Complications was remade as Dean Howell's film Nine Lives); and Joe DiPietro's Fucking Men (2008) (which is set in contemporary New York).
A version of the play called The Blue Room appeared on Broadway in New York City in 1998, starring Nicole Kidman. [8]
Suzanne Bachner created an adaptation examining 21st-century mores, including, straight, gay, and bisexual characters entitled Circle. Circle opened its five-month off-Broadway run at The Kraine Theater on February 15, 2002, Horse Trade Theater Group presenting The John Montgomery Theatre Company production.
A new musical gay version, written by Peter Scott-Presland with music by David Harrod, ran at the Rosemary Branch Theatre in London in March–April 2011.
Dood Paard, the Amsterdam-based avant-garde theater collective, presented Reigen ad lib at the Peter B. Lewis Theater of the Guggenheim Museum in New York in April 2011.
A new translation, translated by Lukas Raphael, directed by Joel Cottrell and designed by Amber Dernulc set in 1953, opened at The White Bear in London in August 2011.
A new contemporary adaptation, by American playwright Steven Dietz, is called "American la Ronde". This version hews to the Schnitzler structure but updates the roles to more modern archetypes. It also leaves the gender of all roles at the discretion of the producing theatre. "American la Ronde" is published by Dramatists Play Service, New York. This adaptation, under its previous title 360 (round dance), was given a workshop production at the University of Texas at Austin in 2011. [9]
The dramatic structure of the play has been utilized by longform improv ensembles. [10] A series of two-person improvised scenes are interwoven in the same way as Schnitzler's characters are. The form was first used by Craig Cackowski in Chicago in the mid-1990s. [11]
in February 2017, a new adaptation written and directed by Max Gill was first staged at The Bunker Theatre, London. [12] The cast featured Alexander Vlahos, Lauren Samuels, Amanda Wilkin and Leemore Marrett Jr. In Gill's new version, a gender-fluid text meant that any part could be played by any actor, regardless of gender. [13] The roles were assigned each night in between scenes by a 'La Ronde' or Wheel of Fortune. There were over 3000 possible realisations of the play. The text is published by Oberon Books. [14]
Reigen, a 1993 German-language operatic adaptation by Philippe Boesmans, premiered at La Monnaie, Brussels in 1993, and subsequently recorded.
In his autobiography, Never Have Your Dog Stuffed: and Other Things I've Learned, Alan Alda says that for the first story he wrote for M*A*S*H (an episode titled "The Longjohn Flap"), he borrowed the structure from La Ronde. "In my version, the object that's passed from couple to couple is a pair of long johns during a cold spell in the Korean winter." [15]
These films are based upon La Ronde (1897), some without crediting the play or the playwright:
Arthur Schnitzler was an Austrian author and dramatist. He is considered one of the most significant representatives of the Viennese Modernism. Schnitzler’s works, which include psychological dramas and narratives, dissected turn-of-the-century Viennese bourgeois life, making him a sharp and stylistically conscious chronicler of Viennese society around 1900.
Benjamin Franklin Wedekind was a German playwright. His work, which often criticizes bourgeois attitudes, is considered to anticipate expressionism and was influential in the development of epic theatre.
Twelfth Night, or What You Will is a romantic comedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written around 1601–1602 as a Twelfth Night entertainment for the close of the Christmas season. The play centres on the twins Viola and Sebastian, who are separated in a shipwreck. Viola falls in love with the Duke Orsino, who in turn is in love with Countess Olivia. Upon meeting Viola, Countess Olivia falls in love with her, thinking she is a man.
The Blue Room is a 1998 play by David Hare, adapted from the 1897 play Der Reigen written by Arthur Schnitzler (1862–1931), and more usually known by the French translation La Ronde.
Salome is a one-act tragedy by Oscar Wilde. The original version of the play was first published in French in 1893; an English translation was published a year later. The play depicts the attempted seduction of Jokanaan by Salome, stepdaughter of Herod Antipas; her dance of the seven veils; the execution of Jokanaan at Salome's instigation; and her death on Herod's orders.
La Ronde is a 1950 French anthology film directed by Max Ophüls and based on the French translation of Arthur Schnitzler's 1897 play Reigen. Set in Vienna in 1900, it shows ten amorous encounters across the social spectrum, from a street prostitute to the nobility, with each scene involving one character from the previous episode. The French term "La Ronde" can mean any of the following: circling around, doing the rounds, a round of drinks, or a circular dance.
David Harrower is a Scottish playwright who lives in Glasgow. Harrower has published over 10 original works, as well as numerous translations and adaptations.
Seduction is a 2004 one-act play by Jack Heifner. It is an all-male, gay adaptation of the 1897 play La Ronde by Arthur Schnitzler.
Circle of Love is a 1964 French drama film directed by Roger Vadim and based on Arthur Schnitzler's 1897 play Reigen. The film generated minor controversy because of Jane Fonda's nude scene, the first by a major American actress in a foreign film.
Philippe Boesmans was a Belgian pianist, composer and academic teacher. He studied to be a pianist at the Royal Conservatory of Liège, and was self-taught as a composer, influenced by the Liège Group of Henri Pousseur, André Souris, and Célestin Deliège, and by attending the Darmstädter Ferienkurse. He worked for the Radio Télévision Belge de la Communauté Française (RTBF) from 1961, as a producer from 1971.
Hello Again is a musical with music, lyrics and book by Michael John LaChiusa. It is based on the 1897 play La Ronde by Arthur Schnitzler. It focuses on a series of love affairs among ten characters during the ten different decades of the 20th century.
Otto Schenk is an Austrian actor, and theater and opera director.
Luc Bondy was a Swiss theatre and film director.
Jet of Blood, also known as Spurt of Blood, is an extremely short play by the French theatre practitioner, Antonin Artaud, who was also the founder of the "Theatre of Cruelty" movement. Jet of Blood was completed in Paris, on January 17, 1925, perhaps in its entirety on that day alone. The original title was Jet de Sang ou la Boule de Verre, but the second half of the title was dropped prior to the first publication and production of the work.
Frank Ulrich Marcus was a British playwright, best known for The Killing of Sister George.
The Miracle of St. Anne was a short film, now lost, made by Orson Welles. It served as a prelude to the play The Unthinking Lobster, which was written and directed by Welles as part of a collection of two one-act plays performed under the banner title of The Blessed and the Damned. The film consisted of the rushes (dailies) for a Biblical epic that was a film-within-the-play.
Mike Roche is an American actor. Roche played Humphrey James in the 2007 Off-Broadway revival of Night Over Taos by Maxwell Anderson directed by Estelle Parsons at Theatre for the New City in New York City. The show was produced by INTAR Theatre.
The Merry-Go-Round is a 1920 German silent film directed by Richard Oswald and starring Asta Nielsen, Conrad Veidt and Eduard von Winterstein. It was adapted from the 1897 play, La Ronde by Arthur Schnitzler.
Reigen is a German-language opera in ten scenes by Philippe Boesmans to a libretto by Luc Bondy after Arthur Schnitzler's play La Ronde (1897). The opera was premiered at La Monnaie, Brussels in 1993.
Hilary Fannin is an Irish writer, playwright and actress. She is best known for her awarding winning weekly column Fiftysomething in the Irish Times. A founding member of Wet Paint Theatre she worked as an actress for much of the 1980s and 1990s. Her first play Mackerel Sky was performed at the Bush Theatre (1997). Her second, Sleeping Around, co-written with Mark Ravenhill, Abi Morgan and Stephen Greenhorn, was produced by Paines Plough and premiered at the Donmar Warehouse London (1998). Her third play, Doldrum Bay, debuted in the Peacock Theatre (2003); and in 2004 she was appointed joint writer-in-association at the Abbey Theatre for its centenary year. Her two most recent plays, an adaptation of Racine’s Phaedra (2010) and Famished Castle (2015) were produced by Rough Magic Theatre Company. Her radio dramas Dear Exile (2001) and Red Feathers (2002) have been broadcast by the BBC. A memoir Hopscotch (2015) and a first novel The Weight of Love (2020) were both published by Doubleday Ireland. She is married to the journalist Giles Newington and has two children.