Law enforcement in Sudan is the law enforcement of the country of Sudan.
Law enforcement in Sudan is the law enforcement of the country of Sudan.
The British army assigned a captain to the central administration for police duties in 1898. [1] He commanded 30 British army officers and helped to organize provincial police forces. [1] In 1901 the authorities decentralized the police to improve efficiency. [1] The government assumed responsibility for administrative control of the police in 1908, but provincial governors retained operational control of the forces. [1] In 1928 the British established the Sudan Police Force (SPF) under the Ministry of Interior. [1] Throughout the colonial period, the police lacked the resources and manpower to deploy officers throughout Sudan. [1] Instead, the government gave tribal leaders authority to maintain order among their people and to enlist a limited number of “retainers” to help them in law-enforcement duties. [1] This communal security system remained in effect until the early 1970s. [1]
The Sudan Police College opened in Khartoum in 1937 to train all policemen and administrators in a one- or two-year course. [1] Graduates could transfer between the two services initially, but by 1948 training had become too specialized to allow this practice. [1] In 1969 the authorities built a police laboratory to enhance criminal-investigation capabilities. [1]
The SPF faced several challenges during the colonial and early postcolonial periods. [1] On June 4, 1951, a group of police officers met to discuss recent labor unrest in Khartoum, North Khartoum, and Omdurman. [1] The British commandant broke up the meeting. [1] The police officers then staged a demonstration that resulted in the dismissal of the ringleaders, who refused an order to return to barracks. [1] On June 8–9, companies from the Camel Corps and the Eastern Arab Corps arrived in Khartoum from Al-Obeid and Kassala to prevent further unrest while the SDF disarmed the police. [1] A few days later, the authorities allowed 670 police officers to return to duty but sacked 222 others. [1] The British released a report in July that blamed the unrest on incompetent British officers who commanded the police and on wretched housing conditions. [1] In the aftermath of this report, workmen built new housing and renovated old barracks. [1]
The SPF and army worked together from 1965 to 1969 to quell the unrest caused by the rebellion in the Southern provinces. [1] By 1970, SPF headquarters included administration, immigration, nationality, public affairs, training, and security administration. [1] These divisions also existed at provincial levels. [1] Each provincial police force had about 2,000 officers. [1] Khartoum frequently modified the command and administration of the SPF. [1]
Prior to 1977, women served in the police after learning basic administrative duties and working on criminal cases involving women as witnesses or defendants. [1] In 1977 four women completed the two year course at the Sudan Police College and became the first females to join the ranks. [1] A limited number of women served in the SPF and generally worked in administrative sections, on juvenile delinquency matters, or criminal cases that involved female Sudanese witnesses or defendants. [1]
The police reported to the minister of interior until 1979, when that post was abolished, and various ministers became responsible for different areas of police work. [1] This arrangement proved unwieldy, however, and the Police Act of 1979 instituted a unified command in which the head of the force reported to the president. [1] After the overthrow of President Jaafar Nimeiry in 1985, the cabinet position of minister of interior was restored, and the director general of police was made responsible to the minister. [1]
Central police headquarters in Khartoum was organized into several divisions—such as administration, training, and security affairs—each commanded by a police major general. [1] The main operational elements included the traffic police and the riot police. [1] The 1979 legislation brought specialized police units, such as one for the Sudan Railways, under the SPF's authority. [1] Khartoum headquarters maintained liaison and cooperated with the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol) and agencies involved in combating international drug trafficking. [1]
The government's new administrative system delegated many powers to the regional level, but law enforcement outside major urban areas was organized at the state level. [1] Thus, the SPF was subdivided into state commands, which were organized according to the same divisions found in the national headquarters. [1] Local police directors reported to state police commissioners, who in turn were responsible to the SPF director general in Khartoum. [1] Each provincial command had its own budget. [1]
The SPF expanded from roughly 7,500 officers and men in 1956 to about 18,000 in 1970 and 30,000 by 2005. [1]
As of 2010, internal security was divided up among an array of organizations, including the United Police Forces (UPF), Popular Police Forces (PPF), Popular Defense Forces, and Border Intelligence Guard. [1]
The United Police Forces had an estimated 30,000 personnel who were responsible for civil defense, criminal investigations, immigration and customs, passport control, traffic control, and wildlife protection. [1] Police divisions normally operated within state commands. [1] State police commissioners reported to the director general of police in Khartoum, who answered to the minister of interior. [1] The UPF inventory included 40 Fahd armored fighting vehicles, 20 Panhard M3 armored fighting vehicles, and 30 armored personnel carriers. [1] The serviceability of these vehicles was unknown. [1] Generally, the UPF had not deployed significant numbers of officers to South Sudan. [1] After 2004, an unknown number of UPF personnel deployed to Darfur. [1] Human-rights advocates accused the UPF of committing an array of human-rights atrocities. [1]
The Popular Police Forces, created in 1989, were estimated to have at least 35,000 members who technically were under the supervision of the director general of police, but it operated as a politicized militia that sought to enforce “moral standards” among the country's Islamic population. [1] The PPF had a poor human-rights record. [1] It was dissolved by the transitional government after the Sudanese Revolution. [2]
Sudan lacked a true border guard. [1] The UPF was responsible for passport control, immigration, and customs at border-crossing points, although the SAF and the PDF might also undertake border-control duties. [1] However, there was a Border Intelligence Guard that operated outside the SAF chain of command; it reported directly to SAF military intelligence officers in the area of operations. [1] The Border Intelligence Guard was active during the Southern civil war. [1] In 2002–3, the guard recruited sources in Darfur to gather information about political and military conditions. [1] Some observers accused the guard of recruiting for the janjaweed. [1]
One researcher found no available information about training in the al-Bashir era, but formerly police officer cadets usually received two years of training at the Sudan Police College near Khartoum. [1] The institution provided theoretical and practical instruction and served as a training school for military personnel who required police skills in their assignments. [1] In addition to recruit training, the college offered courses in criminal law, general police duties, fingerprinting, clerical work, photography, and the use of small arms. [1] Enlisted recruits usually underwent four months of training at state headquarters. [1]
State police traditionally enjoyed good relations with the local communities, but in Khartoum if not elsewhere, police treatment of arrested persons could be harsh. [1] During the 1990s and early 2000s, public-order campaigns in Khartoum often resulted in roundups of thousands of people, who were then charged with illegal street vending or loitering. [1] In urban areas, police abused refugees, particularly Southerners, by stealing from them or beating them for minor infractions. [1] The police also administered floggings for drinking alcohol or for curfew violations. [1] Refugees seldom had recourse to the legal system when attacked by the police. [1] Partly as a result of such actions, the al-Bashir government earned a reputation for poor treatment of prisoners. [1]
The Sudanese Armed Forces are the military forces of the Republic of the Sudan. In 2011, IISS estimated the forces' numbers at 109,300 personnel. The CIA estimates that the SAF may have up to 200,000 personnel.
The Panamanian Public Forces are the national security forces of Panama. Panama is the second country in Latin America to abolish its standing army, with Panama retaining a small paramilitary security force. This came as a result of a U.S. invasion that overthrew a military dictatorship which ruled Panama from 1968 to 1989. The final military dictator, Manuel Noriega, had been belligerent toward the U.S. culminating in the killing of a U.S. Marine lieutenant and U.S. invasion ordered by U.S. President George H. W. Bush.
A coast guard or coastguard is a maritime security organization of a particular country. The term embraces wide range of responsibilities in different countries, from being a heavily armed military force with customs and security duties to being a volunteer organization tasked with search and rescue without law enforcement authority. In most countries, a typical coast guard's functions are distinct from those of the navy and the transit police, while in certain countries they have similarities to both.
The People's Armed Police Force is a Chinese paramilitary organization primarily responsible for internal security, riot control, counter-terrorism, disaster response, law enforcement and maritime rights protection as well as providing support to the People's Liberation Army (PLA) during wartime.
Military police (MP) are law enforcement agencies connected with, or part of, the military of a state. In wartime operations, the military police may support the main fighting force with force protection, convoy security, screening, rear reconnaissance, logistic traffic management, counterinsurgency, and detainee handling.
The Israel Police is the civilian police force of Israel. As with most other police forces in the world, its duties include crime fighting, traffic control, maintaining public safety, and counter-terrorism. It is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of National Security. The National Headquarters of the Israel Police is located at Kiryat HaMemshala in Jerusalem.
Law enforcement in India is imperative to keep justice and order in the nation. Indian law is enforced by a number of agencies. Unlike many federal nations, the constitution of India delegates the maintenance of law and order primarily to the states and territories.
The Polizia di Stato is one of the national police forces of Italy. Alongside the Carabinieri, it is the main police force for providing police duties, primarily to cities and large towns, and with its child agencies it is also responsible for highway patrol (autostrade), railways (ferrovie), airports (aeroporti), customs as well as certain waterways, and assisting the local police forces.
The National Police Agency, Ministry of the Interior is an agency under the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of China (Taiwan). The agency oversees all police forces on a national level, and is headquartered in Taipei.
The Federal Police is the national and principal federal law enforcement agency of the German Federal Government, being subordinate to the Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Community. The Federal Police is primarily responsible for border protection and railroad and aviation/air security. In addition, the agency is responsible, among other tasks, for the protection of federal constitutional bodies. It provides the federal alert police and GSG 9 special police unit, which can also be used to support the federated states of Germany. Ordinary police forces, meanwhile, are under the administration of the individual German states (Bundesländer) and are known as the Landespolizei. In addition to the Federal Police, the Federal Criminal Police Office and the German Parliament Police exist as further police authorities at the federal level.
The SAF Military Police Command is the military police formation of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF). Established as the Singapore Armed Forces Provost Unit (SAFPU) in 1966, its primary role is to police duties to uphold standards of discipline within the SAF, and to provide security coverage for key SAF military installations and the Ministry of Defence (MINDEF) headquarters at Bukit Gombak.
A border guard of a country is a national security agency that performs border security. Some of the national border guard agencies also perform coast guard and rescue service duties.
The Pakistan Rangers are a pair of paramilitary federal law enforcement corps' in Pakistan. The two corps are the Punjab Rangers and the Sindh Rangers. There is also a third corps headquarters in Islamabad but is only for units transferred from the other corps for duties in the federal capital. They are both part of the Civil Armed Forces. The corps' operate administratively under the Pakistan Army but under separate command structures and wear distinctly different uniforms. However, they are usually commanded by officers on secondment from the Pakistan Army. Their primary purpose is to secure and defend the approximately 2,200 km (1,400 mi) long border with neighbouring India. They are also often involved in major internal and external security operations with the regular Pakistani military and provide assistance to municipal and provincial police forces to maintain law and order against crime, terrorism and unrest. In addition, the Punjab Rangers, together with the Indian Border Security Force, participate in an elaborate flag lowering ceremony at the Wagah−Attari border crossing east of Lahore. The mutually-recognized India–Pakistan international border is different from the disputed and heavily militarized Line of Control (LoC), where the Pakistani province of Punjab adjoins Jammu and Kashmir and the undisputed international border effectively ends. Consequently, the LoC is not managed by the paramilitary Punjab Rangers, but by the regular Pakistan Army.
Provosts are military police (MP) whose duties are policing solely within the armed forces of a country, as opposed to gendarmerie duties in the civilian population. However, many countries use their gendarmerie for provost duties.
Law enforcement in Finland is the responsibility of several agencies. The Police of Finland, a national police agency, is responsible for most tasks. The two other main agencies are the Finnish Border/Coast Guards and the Finnish Customs. Examples of other agencies with limited policing powers are the Finnish Defence Forces, municipal parking inspectors and railway staff.
The Somali Police Force is the national police force and the main civil law enforcement agency of Somalia. As with most other police forces in the world, its duties include crime fighting, traffic control, maintaining public safety, counter-terrorism. It is under the jurisdiction of the Minister of Public Security.
Law enforcement in Cambodia is handled by the Cambodian National Police, one of three General Departments within the Ministry of the Interior. The National Police numbers 64,000 and is divided into four autonomous units and five central departments. The National Police share significant functional overlap with the Military Police, which functions within the Ministry of Defense.
In many countries, particularly those with a federal system of government, there may be several law enforcement agencies, police or police-like organizations, each serving different levels of government and enforcing different subsets of the applicable law.
The National Guard Forces Command of the Russian Federation is the gendarmerie component of the National Guard of Russia, created through a presidential decree on April 5, 2016. It is a gendarmerie organized on paramilitary lines with its mission to ensure public order, national security and defense against terrorism.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Though published in 2015, this work covers events in the whole of Sudan (including present-day South Sudan) until the 2011 secession of South Sudan.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)