Law enforcement in Angola is run by the Government of Angola. The National Police Force(PN) is a paramilitary body controlled by the Ministry of the Interior. [1] [2]
Law enforcement in Angola is run by the Government of Angola. The National Police Force(PN) is a paramilitary body controlled by the Ministry of the Interior. [1] [2]
Law enforcement has its origins in the Polícia de Segurança Pública of Portuguese Angola. On February 28, 1976, the National Police was founded via an oath taking ceremony for 383 policemen at the National Public Order Police School. It was founded as the People's Police Corps of Angola and the Police Corps of Angola. [3]
During the COVID-19 pandemic in Angola, police killed teenagers during lockdown enforcement. [4] In September 2020, protests erupted following the death of a doctor while in police custody, who had been arrested for failing to wear a mask. [5] The protests utilised the hashtag #NaoABrutalidadePolicial (English: "no police brutality") while doctors led a march in Luanda. [6] That same month, police chief Paulo de Almeida condemned the "bad actions" of "some officers" and asked for the public not to lose trust in the police. [7]
Police brutality is the excessive and unwarranted use of force by law enforcement against an individual or a group. It is an extreme form of police misconduct and is a civil rights violation. Police brutality includes, but is not limited to, beatings, shootings, "improper takedowns, and unwarranted use of tasers."
Military Police are the preventive state police of the states and of the Federal District of Brazil. The Military Police units are the main ostensive police force at the state level and are responsible for policing and maintaining the public order. Their formations, rules and uniforms vary depending on the state. Investigative work and forensics are undertaken by the Civil Police of each state.
In Brazil, the Federal Constitution establishes eight law enforcement institutions - seven titulars and one auxiliar. The titular institutions are: the Federal Police, the Federal Highway Police, the Federal Railroad Police, the Federal Penal Police, the State Military Police and Fire Brigade, the State Civil Police and the State Penal Police. Of these, the first four are affiliated to federal authorities and the latter three are subordinated to state governments. These public safety institutions are part of the Executive branch of either federal or state government. Apart from these eight institutions, there are others which affiliate to municipal authorities: the Municipal Guards. According to Minister Alexandre de Moraes of the Supreme Federal Court, "...the Municipal Guards are inserted in public safety as the auxiliary and related body of public security force..." Federal law 13,022 gave them de facto and de jure police attributions.
Law enforcement in Spain is carried out by numerous organizations, not all of which operate in the same areas.
Carabineros de Chile are the Chilean national law enforcement police, who have jurisdiction over the entire national territory of the Republic of Chile. Created in 1927, their mission is to maintain order and enforce the laws of Chile. They reported to the Ministry of National Defense through the Undersecretary of Carabineros until 2011 when the Ministry of the Interior and Public Security gained full control over them. They are in practice separated fully from the three other military branches by department but still are considered part of the armed forces. Chile also has an investigative police force, the Investigations Police of Chile, also under the Interior and Public Security Ministry; a Maritime Police also exists for patrol of Chile's coastline.
Law enforcement in Portugal is the responsibility of three bodies:
Angola has long been severely criticized for its human rights record. A 2012 report by the U.S. Department of State said, "The three most important human rights abuses [in 2012] were official corruption and impunity; limits on the freedoms of assembly, association, speech, and press; and cruel and excessive punishment, including reported cases of torture and beatings as well as unlawful killings by police and other security personnel. Other human rights abuses included: harsh and potentially life-threatening prison conditions; arbitrary arrest and detention; lengthy pretrial detention; impunity for human rights abusers; lack of judicial process and judicial inefficiency; infringements on citizens' privacy rights and forced evictions without compensation; restrictions on nongovernmental organizations; discrimination and violence against women; abuse of children; trafficking in persons; discrimination against persons with disabilities, indigenous people, and persons with HIV/AIDS; limits on workers' rights; and forced labor."
Law enforcement in Cape Verde is carried out by the Judicial Police or National Police.
Police brutality is the repression by personnel affiliated with law enforcement when dealing with suspects and civilians. The term is also applied to abuses by "corrections" personnel in municipal, state, and federal prison camps, including military prisons.
The Public Security Police Force is the non-criminal police department of Macau and a branch of the Macau Security Force. Originally known at first as the Macau Police, the force went through several name changes before taking on its current name. The PSP celebrates its foundation on 14 March 1691.
The Policía Nacional Bolivariana is Venezuela's national police force, created in 2009. Law enforcement in Venezuela has historically been highly fragmented, and the creation of a national police force was originally unpopular among the public and organizations. The creation of a National Police was one of the recommendations of a 2006 National Commission on Police Reform (CONAREPOL). At the time that the force was set up, the wage rate for officers in the new force was three times higher than that in existing forces.
Anti-police sentiment refers to a social group or individual's attitude and stance against the policing system.
Imposition of Islamic law, a continuing economic crisis, lack of freedom of expression, violation of women's rights, brutality carried out during protests, internet cutoffs, and the killing of Mahsa Amini were some of the reasons for the start of civil protests in Iran in 2021-2022. Protests initially erupted on 15 July to protest the water shortages and crisis, but quickly were met with police violence and brutality. November 2021 saw further protests due to water shortages but various other protests and strikes also took place due to the worsening economic situation. In August 2021 Amnesty International noted that brutal forces have been used by the Security Forces to oppress the protesters.
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