The politics of Mexico function within the framework of a federal presidential representative democratic republic whose government is based on a multi-party congressional system, where the President of Mexico is both head of state and head of government. The federal government represents the United Mexican States. It is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial, established by the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, published in 1917. The constituent states of the federation must also have a republican government based on a congressional system established by their respective constitutions.
The Party of the Democratic Revolution is a state-level social democratic political party in Mexico. The PRD originated from the Democratic Current, a political faction formed in 1986 from the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). The PRD was formed after the contested general election in 1988, which the PRD's immediate predecessor, the National Democratic Front, believed was rigged by the PRI. This sparked a movement away from the PRI's authoritarian rule.
Andrés Manuel López Obrador, also known by his initials AMLO, is a Mexican politician who served as the 65th president of Mexico from 2018 to 2024. He previously served as Head of Government of Mexico City from 2000 to 2005.
Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez is a Mexican left-wing politician. He served in the cabinet of Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO) during his tenure as Head of the Federal Government. Encinas succeeded AMLO as Head of Government in 2005 after he resigned to run for president, and served until 2006. In 2023, he was appointed by AMLO to serve as acting Secretary of the Interior. Encinas previously served as a Senator from the State of Mexico.
The Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation is the Mexican institution serving as the country's federal high court and the spearhead organisation for the judiciary of the Mexican Federal Government.
Olga María del Carmen Sánchez Cordero Dávila is a Mexican politician and former jurist. She served as Secretary of the Interior under President Andrés Manuel López Obrador from 2018 to 2021, the first woman to serve in the position.
Marcelo Luis Ebrard Casaubón is a Mexican politician who has served as the secretary of economy since 2024. He previously served as Secretary of Foreign Affairs under President Andrés Manuel López Obrador from 2018 to 2023. He served as Head of Government of the Federal District from 2006 to 2012.
Loretta Ortiz Ahlf is a Mexican politician and lawyer who serves as a justice of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation.
The National Regeneration Movement, commonly referred to by its syllabic abbreviation Morena, is a major left-wing populist political party in Mexico. As of 2023, it is the largest political party in Mexico by number of members; it has been the ruling party since 2018, and it won a second term in the 2024 general election.
Valentina Batres Guadarrama is a Mexican politician affiliated with the National Regeneration Movement (Morena) who was previously a member of the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). In 2006–2009 she served as a federal deputy in the 60th Congress, representing the Federal District's sixteenth district for the PRD.
The nations of Ecuador and Mexico first established diplomatic relations in 1830. In April 2024, Mexico severed diplomatic relations due to a police raid on the Mexican Embassy in Quito. Since June 2024, Switzerland serves as the protecting power representing Ecuador's interests in Mexico and vice versa.
The nations of Mexico and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea established diplomatic relations in 1980. Both nations are members of the United Nations.
Claudia Sheinbaum Pardo is a Mexican politician, scientist, and academic who in October 2024 became the 66th president of Mexico and the first woman to hold that office. She previously served as Head of Government of Mexico City.
Andrés Manuel López Obrador's tenure as the President of Mexico began with his inauguration on 1 December 2018. López Obrador, a member of the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA) and former Head of Government of the Federal District, had previously run for president in the 2006 and 2012 elections. He assumed office following a landslide victory in the 2018 presidential election. Upon his inauguration, he became the oldest person to hold the office since the change to a six-year term of office.
Yasmín Esquivel Mossa is a Mexican lawyer and public official who serves as a justice of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation since 2019. Since then, she has served in positions such as account secretary of the presidency of the Superior Agrarian Court or magistrate and president of the Superior Chamber of the Court of Administrative Litigation.
Ovidio Guzmán López is a Mexican former drug lord and high-ranking member of the Sinaloa Cartel, a criminal group based in the state of Sinaloa. He is the son of another drug lord Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán, once considered Mexico's most-wanted drug lord and the world's most-wanted criminal. Guzmán López was suspected of being a leader within a Sinaloa Cartel faction often referred to as Los Chapitos, Los Menores, and/or Los Juniors.
The Fourth Transformation refers to Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador's 2018 campaign promise to do away with privileged abuses that had plagued Mexico in decades past. López Obrador defined the first three transformations as the Mexican War of Independence (1810–1821), the Reform War (1858–1861) and the Mexican Revolution (1910–1917).
Mexico's 2021 popular consultation, officially called Consulta Popular 2021 by the electoral body, was held on August 1, 2021. It was organized by the National Electoral Institute and sought to consult citizens on whether to carry out "actions to undertake a process of clarification of political decisions made in the past years by political actors". It consisted of a single question:
The 2022 Mexican presidential recall election, officially called the Recall Process of the President of the Republic elected for the constitutional period 2018–2024 by the electoral organization Instituto Nacional Electoral (INE), was held in Mexico on 10 April 2022 to decide if the incumbent President Andrés Manuel López Obrador should stay in office and serve his full six-year term.
The 2024 Mexican judicial reform is a series of constitutional amendments that restructured the judiciary of Mexico. The reform replaced Mexico's appointment-based system for selecting judges with one where judges, pre-selected by Congress, are elected by popular vote, with each judge serving a renewable nine-year term. It reduces the number of Supreme Court justices from 11 to 9 and limits their terms to 12 years. The reform also allows the use of "faceless" judges and establishes a new tribunal for judicial oversight and accountability, while significantly reducing benefits and salaries previously received by members of the judiciary. With its passing, Mexico became the first country to have elections for all judges.
